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European Journal of Applied Sciences – Vol. 10, No. 1
Publication Date: February 25, 2022
DOI:10.14738/aivp.101.11798. Maryanti, K., Ginting, C. N., Chiuman, L., & Ginting, S. F. (2022). The Effect of Elixir of the Ethanol Extract of Rosa damascena on the
Solubility of Urine Struvite Crystal in Wistar Rats. European Journal of Applied Sciences, 10(1). 409-416.
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
The Effect of Elixir of the Ethanol Extract of Rosa damascena on
the Solubility of Urine Struvite Crystal in Wistar Rats
Kistia Maryanti
Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Prima Indonesia, Medan, Indonesia
Chrismis Novalinda Ginting
Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Prima Indonesia, Medan, Indonesia
Linda Chiuman
Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Prima Indonesia, Medan, Indonesia
Sahna Ferdinand Ginting
Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Prima Indonesia, Medan, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Kidney stones are hard and solid masses formed by crystals in the urinary tract.
Hence it should be treated appropriately. The use of Rosa damascena might be an
option to help the recovery of the kidney and urinary tract. This study aims to show
the potential of the elixir of the ethanol extract of Rosa damascena on the solubility
of urine struvite crystal in Wistar rats. The experimental rats were divided into six
groups: the control group (K0); magnesium oxide as an inducer (K-); inducer and
Batugin elixir (K+); inducer and the elixir of the ethanol extract of Rosa damascena
250 mg/kg body weight (P1); 500 mg/kg body weight (P2) and 1000 mg/kg body
weight (P3). The treatment was carried out for 28 days by examining urine crystals;
urine pH was carried out on days 14 and 28, rat body weight measurements were
carried out on days 14 and 28. At the end of the treatment period, the rats were
necropsied using a combination of ketamine xylazine, and their kidneys were taken.
Observations were made on the ratio of kidney of rats (w/w) and measurements of
blood serum creatinine and urea levels using a spectrophotometer. The elixir of
Rosa Damascena’s ethanolic extract demonstrated the potential of extract
administration by raising weight gain, diminishing kidney weight ratio, reducing
creatinine and blood urea concentrations, and lowering the number of kidney
crystal deposits. The elixir of the ethanol extract of Rosa damascena has shown its
potential to dissolve struvite crystals with the best dose of 250 mg/kg BW based on
the number of urine crystals.
Keywords: Struvite crystal; R. Damascena; kidney crystal deposit; ethanol extract.
INTRODUCTION
Struvite stones are also known as infection stones or magnesium, ammonium, phosphate
stones. These stones are associated with urea-splitting bacterial infections (Proteus mirabilis,
Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis)
[1]. Urea-breaking bacteria can make urine alkaline by hydrolyzing urea into ammonia, thus
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European Journal of Applied Sciences (EJAS) Vol. 10, Issue 1, February-2022
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
facilitating the formation of magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) stones and carbonate
apatite in an alkaline environment [2].
Modern management of kidney stones can be done using Extracorporeal Shockwave
Lithotripsy (ESWL), Percutaneous Nephro Litholapaxy (PCNL), open surgery, and conservative
therapy or expulsive medical therapy (TEM) [3]. However, modern medicine requires relatively
more expensive costs, so research is needed from natural ingredients for traditional medicine
at a more affordable price. Research on the treatment of kidney stones has been carried out by
several previous researchers with conventional plants that have a nephroprotective effect on
the ethanolic extract of balakka fruit [4] anticalculi activity of cucumber juice [5]. From the
studies that have been done, it was found that these plants have effectiveness in treating kidney
stones.
Roses are ornamental plants that have many benefits and uses in the form of extracts and oils
[6]. Roses contain geraniol and citronellol. Citral, linalool, nerol, eugenol, phenyl ethyl alcohol,
farnesol, nonialdehyde [7]. Rose flowers contain terpenoids, glycosides, flavonoids, and
anthocyanins [8]. The essential oils in roses are damascenone, damascone, and ionone, which
are obtained from the degradation of carotenoids. Roses also contain phosphorus, potassium,
calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, copper, manganese, zinc, and boron [9]. Some of the
pharmacological activities of the rose plant are as an antioxidant and hepatoprotective [10],
analgesic, hypnotic, anti-spasmodic, anti-inflammatory [8], antidiabetic [11], anti-microbial,
anti-cancer [12]. Some reports on the nephroprotective effects of Rosa Damascena, such as rose
petals [13] and mill flowers [14], have been reported. To the best of our knowledge, the
potential use of elixir of ethanolic extract of Rosa damascena to fight against kidney stones is
still rarely found.
In this study, we will evaluate the elixir effect of the ethanolic extract of Rosa damascena on
urinary struvite crystal solubility and kidney histopathology in Wistar rats induced with
magnesium oxide. This study might be helpful in the development of new herbal medicine to
cure kidney stones recently.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
pH indicator, oral probe, rat cage, rat scale, analytical balance, light microscope, dropper
pipette, test tube, funnel, filter paper, blender, measuring cup, beaker glass, a set of surgical
instruments, rotary evaporator, syringe, microhematocrit, Eppendorf tube, micropipette,
centrifuge, microplate reader, spectrophotometer were among the materials used in this study.
The secondary chemical metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins,
saponins, terpenoids, and steroids, were examined by phytochemical screening on Rosa
damascena extract [15], [16].
Experimental rats were randomly divided into six groups; each group had four rats. The group
divisions are:
a. Group K0 = consisting of 4 male Wistar rats who were given drinking plain water.
b. Group K- = 4 male Wistar rats induced with magnesium oxide 0.4%
c. Group K+ = 4 male Wistar rats induced magnesium oxide 0.4% and given Batugin elixir orally.
d. Group P1 = 4 male Wistar rats induced with magnesium oxide 0.4% and given the elixir of
the ethanol extract of Rosa damascena orally at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight.
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Maryanti, K., Ginting, C. N., Chiuman, L., & Ginting, S. F. (2022). The Effect of Elixir of the Ethanol Extract of Rosa damascena on the Solubility of
Urine Struvite Crystal in Wistar Rats. European Journal of Applied Sciences, 10(1). 409-416.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.101.11798
e. Group P2 = 4 male Wistar rats induced with magnesium oxide 0.4% and given the elixir of
the ethanol extract of Rosa damascena orally at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight.
f. Group P3 = 4 male Wistar rats induced with magnesium oxide 0.4% and given the elixir of the
ethanol extract of Rosa damascena orally at a dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight.
The treatment was carried out for 28 days by examining urine crystals; urine pH was carried
out on days 14 and 28, rat body weight measurements were carried out on days 14 and 28. At
the end of the treatment period, the rats were necropsied using a combination of ketamine
xylazine, and their kidneys were taken. Observations were made on the ratio of kidney weight
to body weight of rats and measurements of blood serum creatinine and urea levels using a
spectrophotometer.
Quantitative data in the form of urine pH, the number of struvite crystals, body weight, the ratio
of the kidney (w/w) of rats, blood serum creatinine, and urea levels. Qualitative data in the form
of the chemical content of Rosa damascena extract and kidney histopathology. Statistical tests
were carried out with SPSS on quantitative data; if the data were homogeneous, the Anova test
was carried out. The Kruskal Wallis test is also carried out [17].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Phytochemical content and pH analysis
The content in Rosa damascena extract consists of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins,
tannins, and triterpenes/steroids. The pH analysis on days 14 and 28 are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. The urine pH examination on days 14 and 28
Group
s Day-14 Day-28
K0 7.2 + 0.75 8.8 + 0.41
K- 6.5 + 0.55 8.2 + 0.75
K+ 6.8 + 0.75 9.2 + 0.41
P1 6.4 + 0.55 7.8 + 1.10
P2 6.3 + 0.82 8.2 + 1.17
P3 6.7 + 0.82 9.0 + 0.89
The results of the examination of the pH of the urine of rats on day 14 in all groups showed a
pH < 7 except for the K0 group, which was 7.2 + 0.75. On day 28, all groups showed an alkaline
pH outside the normal urine pH value of rats, namely 7.3-8, except for the P1 group with a pH
value of 7.8 + 1.10. A pH value > 7 facilitates the formation of struvite crystals [18]. Acid-base
regulation in the kidney determines the pH value [19].
Rat body weight analysis
The rat’s body weight was measured on days 0, 14, and 28, as shown in Table 2.