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European Journal of Applied Sciences – Vol. 10, No. 2
Publication Date: April 25, 2022
DOI:10.14738/aivp.102.11964. Isworo, S., & Oetari, P. S. (2022). Flora and Fauna Status in the Plan for Structuring the Merchant and Visitor Parking Areas in the
Borobudur Temple Area, Indonesia. European Journal of Applied Sciences, 10(2). 99-123.
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
Flora and Fauna Status in the Plan for Structuring the Merchant
and Visitor Parking Areas in the Borobudur Temple Area,
Indonesia
Slamet Isworo
Department of Environmental Health
Dian Nuswantoro University, 5-11 Nakula I Street
Semarang Indonesia, 50131
Poerna Sri Oetari
Department of Environmental Impact Assessment
Mitra Adi Pranata Consultant, 45 Cemara Raya Street
Semarang City Indonesia, 50267
ABSTRACT
Borobudur Temple's ecotourism needs to be improved, namely the relocation of
small traders' commercial activities and the arrangement of tourist parking lots.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the status of flora and fauna in the area
around Borobudur Temple for merchants and guest parking areas. A random
sampling design was used to determine the biodiversity survey. Flora was observed
using a quadrant approach, avifauna using a point count method, and dragonflies
and butterflies using a transect method. The Diversity Index value in the tree, pole,
sapling, and seedling categories was 2, whereas the Diversity Index value in the
herb category was > 2.89. The bird variety index value in the project location area
is 2.25, whereas it is 1.76 outside the project area. In the project site area,
dragonflies have a diversity index value of 2.17, whereas, outside the project area,
the diversity index value is 1.62. The butterfly diversity index value outside the
project area is 3.37, while it is 3.20 in the project location area, and there is no
protected flora or animals. During the inspection, no protected plants or animals
were found. The vegetation outside the project is the most stable. The project area
on site has more bird variety and a better environment for dragonflies, but the
outdoor project area has superior butterfly habitat. Existing vegetation will be
maintained, and new trees will be planted as part of the management approach.
Keywords: Flora; Avifauna,; Butterfly; Dragonfly; Diversity index (H'); Environmental
management plan, Borobudur temple
INTRODUCTION
The Borobudur temple complex is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that is overseen by Law No.
11 of 2010 of the Republic of Indonesia (Ardiwidjaja, 2018), while the cultural landscape is
built utilizing the regional spatial plan established by Law No. 26 of 2007 on Cultural Heritage
Area Spatial Planning (Kusriyah 2021), According to the explanation, the Indonesian
government has recognized the Borobudur temple complex as a national strategic area.
Borobudur temple was also named a national cultural conservation area by Minister of
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European Journal of Applied Sciences (EJAS) Vol. 10, Issue 2, April-2022
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Education and Culture directive number 286/M/2014, which recognizes the Borobudur
geographical space unit as a national cultural area (Esposito Andujar 2020). The Borobudur
area is a world heritage in the world heritage list document number 592 United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Esposito Andujar, 2020). The adjacent town's
economy suffers as a result of the high amount of small traders and parking operations for
ecotourism tourists to Borobudur Temple. Because these activities must be carried out more
orderly, the government wants to carry out more organized and integrated operations for
structuring merchant areas and parking activities in 2020 while conserving the state of
vegetation, flora, and animals in the Borobudur Temple region. As a result, it is critical to plan
and situate trade and parking areas at Borobudur Temple in order to protect environmental
sustainability and conserve sustainable biodiversity.. (Zhang et al. 2019).
The diversity of flora and animals will drop to a catastrophic level as a result of environmental
deterioration. This situation is alarming because biodiversity, particularly the role of wild
plants and animals as bioindicators of environmental stability, will be threatened (Syaufina,
2018). It is vital to evaluate the flora (vegetation) and wildlife in the region while planning the
development of the merchant placement area and parking area in the Borobudur temple area
to identify the structure and composition of species, as well as the distribution pattern of flora
and fauna in the area. (Liu et al. 2018). Through research and scientific data on prospective
changes in flora and fauna conditions in the design of the placement of traders and parking
places in the Borobudur Temple Area - Magelang, Indonesia, it would be feasible to control and
avoid a variety of environmental concerns.
The purpose of this study was to examine the status of flora and fauna in the Parking area
arrangement plan for traders and visitors. The research location is Jalan Medang Kamolan,
Kujon Hamlet, Borobudur, Magelang Regency, Central Java Province which is a study of
planning activities for structuring traders and parking lots in 2021.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The Medang Kamolan Route, Dusun Kujon–Borobudur, Magelang, Central Java, is the site for
the investigation of planning activities for structuring traders and parking sites. The
coordinates identifying the locations of the scheduled activities are shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Coordinates of activity locations
Location Coordinate location
1 7°36’02,121” S – 110°11’48,693 E
2 7°36’03,829” S – 110°11’55,303 E
3 7°36’11,611” S – 110°11’53,671 E
4 7°36’16,741” S – 110°11’54,530 E
5 7°36’20,174” S – 110°11’52,224 E
6 7°36’20,595” S – 110°11’50,604 E
7 7°36’18,741” S – 110°11’47,018 E
8 7°36’16,463” S – 110°11’45,902 E
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Isworo, S., & Oetari, P. S. (2022). Flora and Fauna Status in the Plan for Structuring the Merchant and Visitor Parking Areas in the Borobudur Temple
Area, Indonesia. European Journal of Applied Sciences, 10(2). 99-123.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.102.11964
The scope of research in the Borobudur region must include rules and procedures for
conserving the Borobudur temple site, as well as the distribution of historical and
archaeological sites and cultural heritage landscape management. A biodiversity survey was
conducted from March 1 to March 21, 2021. This survey splits the area into two sections: on- site and off-site, with Region A referring to the project location and Area B referring to the area
outside the project location.
It will be possible to manage and avoid many environmental issues by using research and
scientific data on changes in the conditions of flora and fauna in the future, in the development
of merchant sites and parking lots in the Borobudur temple zone (Flenniken et al., 2020).
Six flora survey grids were chosen at random from 298 grids in area A, with a coverage of 2%
or 2,400 m2, and four faunal observation sites were built, each with a radius of 500 m2, for a
total of 2,000 m2 (Malimbwi et al. 2014).
Several species have been observed in the survey area, including avifauna and insects such as
dragonflies and butterflies. The plot/square method was used to make observations in Area A.
The tree strata plot was 20x20 meters in size, the pole strata plot was 10x10 meters in size, the
stake strata plot was 5x5 meters in size, and the tiller strata plot was 2x2 meters in size. An area
of 2x2 m is also used for observing undergrowth (herbs). (Prasetyo and Marisa 2017). The
diameter at breast height of each tree, pole, and seedling stratum in the observation plot was
measured, only data on the number of individuals of each species was collected in each
observation plot for observation of layer tillers. To complete the data and evaluate the
environmental status, measurements of the canopy cover of understorey species were carried
out. An exploration strategy was used in Area B (outside the study area) by noting common
plant species. (Mansouri et al. 2021) The avifauna was observed using a point counting method,
with a minimum distance of 300 m between observation locations. The survey radius for each
point is 300 m2 (r=9.77 m, rounded to 10 m).
Observations commenced at 06.00 with a 15-minute gap between observations at each
observation station. Data is collected at each place. All observations contain the date and time
of the encounter, the kind of encounter, the number of people observed, and the activity
observed. Two persons made observations: one as an observer and the other as a recorder.
Dragonflies were seen using the transect approach.. (Nafisah and Soesilohadi, 2021) At each
observation point, 1 km-long transects were laid out. The parameters observed were species,
number of individuals, and activity of each species at each observation point. At the observation
site, each species is documented and then directly recognized. Unidentified species were
captured with insect nets and identified in greater detail in the animal taxonomy laboratory by
comparing the pattern of the abdomen, thorax, and wing venation to an identification guide
book (Galliani et al. 2017). Observation of butterflies using the transect method. (Lang et al.,
2019) (Gibb and Oseto, 2019). The study site is depicted in Fig. 1.
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Fig. 1: Geographical Location of Flora and Fauna Observation Sites in the Borobudur Temple
Area, Indonesia
RESULTS
Based on observations and analysis of the status of flora (vegetation) and fauna at the research
site, the following data were obtained:
Fig. 2: The plant species composition for each family at observation sites A and B
1 1
0 0
1
2
0 0
1
0
1
4
1
0 0
1
2
0 0
1
0
7
2
4 4
3
4
1
0
1
7
3
0
1
0
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2
1 1 1 1
5
1
2
1 1
2
1 1 1 1
9
5
4
5
4
2
1 1 1
7
3
1
2
1
2
1 1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Acanthaceae
Amaranthaceae
Anacardiaceae
Annonaceae
Apocynaceae
Arecaceae
Bignoniaceae
Burseraceae
Caricaceae
Clusiaceae
Combretaceae
Compositae
Costaceae
Cyperaceae
Ebenaceae
Elaeocarpaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Gnetaceae
Hypoxidaceae
Lamiaceae
Lauraceae
Leguminosae
Malvaceae
Meliaceae
Moraceae
Myrtaceae
Orchidaceae
Oxalidaceae
Phyllanthaceae
Piperaceae
Poaceae
Pteridaceae
Rutaceae
Sapindaceae
sapotaceae
Verbenaceae
Vitaceae
Zingiberaceae
Total species (family)
Species name (family)
The plant species composition at obeservation site
A B
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Isworo, S., & Oetari, P. S. (2022). Flora and Fauna Status in the Plan for Structuring the Merchant and Visitor Parking Areas in the Borobudur Temple
Area, Indonesia. European Journal of Applied Sciences, 10(2). 99-123.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.102.11964
Flora
Through observation and recording at the research site, 80 different types of flora were found.
In both areas there are plants from 38 different families. The leguminous family had the most
species, namely 9 species, followed by the grass family (Poaceae) with seven species, and the
Compositae, Moraceae, and Malvaceae families each with five species. Figure 2 shows the
composition of plant species in each family on observations at locations A and B
Table 2. The value of diversity is compared to the number of species in each plant stratum
No Category Number of types Diversity index (H')
1 Herbs 22 2.89
2 Tree 5 1.39
3 Pole 9 1.83
4 Stake 8 1.85
5 Saplings 9 1.97
Fig. 3: Scarcity criteria and global distribution status of plants
Information conservation category IUCN:
Data Deficient (DD) · Least Concern (LC) · Not Evaluated; (NE), Near Threatened (NT) ·
Vulnerable (VU) · Endangered (EN) · Critically Endangered (CR) · Extinct in the wild (EW)
Figure 4 depicts a list of the Important Value Index (INP) for each species in each stratum. The
Important Value Index (INP) is an index calculated based on the degree of dominance of species
in a plant community, as follows:
55%
4% 3% 1%
1%
36%
Scarcity criteria NE
NT
VU
DO
EN
LC
Not know
16%
Stabel
29%
Decrease
7% Increase
3%
Not list
1%
LC
44%
Global distribution status of plants
Not know
Stabel
Decrease
Increase
Not list
LC
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Fig. 4: The Important Value Index (INP) for each species in each stratum
Fauna
Based on avifauna observations, the three taxa studied were classified into 22 families and 102
species. Butterflies are the fauna with the most taxa, with 71 species. (Fig. 5.)
Fig. 5: Fauna observation at the research site
The amount of various species found in a given environment or location is referred to as species
richness. The number of species present is an essential factor in evaluating the level of
conservation action necessary. Table 3 compares the species richness of each of the examined
faunal taxa, as follows:
Table 3: Compares the species richness of each taxon
Parameter Taxa
Avifauna Dragonfly Butterfly
Recording intensity 121 60 74
Number of Types 16 15 71
Diversity index (H') 2,02 1,99 3,5
Community Similarity Index (S) 69,57 69,57 58,25
Types protected by law (Lubis, 2017) 0 0 1
Types of IUCN criteria (Dudley, 2019) 16 15 7
78.8
126.8
49.5
32.0
13.1
48.1
10.2
11.0
14.7
12.3
105.9
21.9
63.3
12.7
71.8
26.9
47.7
14.9
14.7
21.0
87.4
15.6
9.0 36.1
10.4
9.0
19.4
14.5
58.2
10.4
33.0
6.6
12.8 4.8
6.6
6.6
5.1
5.7
5.7
12.9
26.8
4.2
23.916.6
5.7
5.7 4.8
6.6 6.2
17.5 5.1
4.8
5.7
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
Albizia chinensis
Nephelium lappaceum
Tectona grandis
Carica papaya
Elaeocarpus serratus
Manihot esculenta*
Swietenia mahagoni
Albizia chinensis
Elaeocarpus serratus
Leucaena leucocephala
Swietenia mahagoni*
Albizia chinensis
Ficus callosa
Leucaena leucocephala
Swietenia mahagoni*
Terminalia catappa
Ageratum conyzoides
Asystasia gangetica
Curcuma longa
Cyathula prostata
Eragrostis amabilis*
Mimosa pudica
Neonotonia wightii
Peperomia pellucida
Pteris ensiformis
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis
Verbena urticifolia
Tree Pole Stake Seedling Herba
Important value index
Plant of stratum
The Important values index for each species
16 15
71
12
5 5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Bird Dragonfly Butterfly
Total species (family)
Type fauna
Fauna observation at the research site
Number
Familia
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Fig. 7: The number of records for each type of avifauna was collected during the survey period
The parameters measured in each observation area used to compare the avifauna data are
listed in Table 4, as follow :
Table 4: The parameters measured in each observation area are used to compare avifauna data
No Category Area A Area B
1 Number of types 14 9
2 Diversity index value (H') 2.25 1.76
3 Number of records 63 58
4 Voice encounter 7 3
5 Direct encounter 56 55
The canopy cover in observation areas A and B is depicted in Table 5.
Table 5: Environmental parameters at the research site
Environmental parameters Area A Area B
Canopy cover 87,96 72,56
Canopy opening 12,04 27,44
Dragonfly
The dragonfly survey found 60 different dragonfly species, with 21 encounters at the most
frequently observed observation site in the B002 region, as shown in Fig. 8. (1)
1 2
10
32
1
7
1
14
31
3
9
1 1
6
2 1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Acridotheres javanicus
Anthreptes malacensis
Cinnyris jugularis
Collocalia linchi
Collocalia maxima
Dicaeum trochileum
Egretta garzetta
Halcyon cyanaventris
Lonchura leucogastroides
Lonchura punctulata
Orthotomus sutorius
Pericrocotus cinnamomeus
Rubigula dispar
Spilopelia chinensis
Treron vernans
Phaenicophaeus curvirostris
Stable Stable Stable DecreaseDecrease Stable IncreaseDecrease Stable Stable Stable Stable DecreaseIncrease Stable Stable
LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC VU LC LC LC
The number of recorrds
The type fauna condition
The number of record each type of avifauna
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Isworo, S., & Oetari, P. S. (2022). Flora and Fauna Status in the Plan for Structuring the Merchant and Visitor Parking Areas in the Borobudur Temple
Area, Indonesia. European Journal of Applied Sciences, 10(2). 99-123.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.102.11964
Fig. 8. (1) Data on dragonfly in location and (2) The number of species of dragonflies in each
family based on sub-ordo
At least 15 dragonfly species spanning 5 families were recorded at the study sites. The two
suborders of dra0gonflies are true dragonflies (Suborder Anisoptera) and needle dragonflies
(Sub-order Zygoptera).). (Fig 8 (2))
Figure 9 illustrates the number of recordings for each variety of dragonfly in observation areas
A and B throughout the survey period.
Fig. 9: Number of records for each type of dragonfly during the survey period
13
19
7
21
0
5
10
15
20
25
Number of encounter
A001 A002 B001 B002
Observation Location (1)
Data of dragronfly
1
11
1 1 1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Aeshnidae Libellulidae Platycnemididae Chlorocyphidae Coenagrionidae
Stable Decrease Decrease Not known Increase
LC LC LC LC LC
Abisoptera Zygoptera
Number species
Type of species (2)
The number of dragonfies (family/sub-ordo)
1 1
2 2 2 2
6
1
2
5
2
3
0
3
1
0 0 0 0 0
5
3
1 1
4 4
6
1
2 2
1
2 2 2 2
11
4
3
1
9
6
9
1
5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Agriocnemis femina
Brachythemis...
Copera marginipes
Diplacodes trivialis
Gynacantha...
Heliocypha fenestrata
Neurothemis ramburii
Neurothemis terminata
Orthetrum chrysis
Orthetrum glaucum
Orthetrum sabina
Pantala flavescens
Potamarcha congener
Rhodothemis rufa
Trithemis festiva
Number of Record
Type of dragonfly
The number of record type of dragonfly
A B Total