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European Journal of Applied Sciences – Vol. 11, No. 3

Publication Date: June 25, 2023

DOI:10.14738/aivp.113.14932

Smulsky, J. J. (2023). Neutrino is the Brightest Particle of the Fictitious Micro-world. European Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol -

11(3). 616-633.

Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom

Neutrino is the Brightest Particle of the Fictitious Micro-world

Joseph J. Smulsky

Institute of Earth’s Cryosphere, Tyum. SC of SB RAS,

Federal Research Center, Tyumen, Russia

ABSTRACT

During the decay of radioactive radium E, electrons with a continuous spectrum of

velocities are emitted. The average energy measured with a calorimeter is 0.36

MeV. Based on the dependence of mass on velocity accepted in the Theory of

Relativity, W. Pauli calculated the kinetic energy of the electron and obtained a

value of 1.16 MeV. For explaining the excess energy of 0.8 MeV, a new particle,

neutrino, was postulated. In the present study, we show that the experimental laws

of electromagnetism were misinterpreted in the Theory of Relativity. Using the

correct laws, we have derived the right expression for the force exerted on a moving

charged particle. This expression depends on the distance from the acting object

and on the particle velocity. According to the new expression for the interaction

force, the particle mass suffers no change. Therefore, there is no reason to introduce

a neutrino. As a result of the electromagnetic interaction, particles move along

other trajectories that were not known previously. Therefore, the wrong

interpretation of particle motions has led researchers to the introduction of

fictitious particles that now in large quantities inhabit the imaginary microcosm. It

is necessary to reconsider the erroneous postulates on the basis of real interaction

forces. This revision must be started from Rutherford experiments without

invoking the Theory of Relativity and Quantum Mechanics.

Keywords: Neutrino, β-radiation, energy, charges, motion, force, trajectories.

INTRODUCTION

The decay of a number of radioactive elements is accompanied with β-radiation in a continuous

spectrum, i.e. with the emission of electrons with a continuous velocity distribution. This

phenomenon contradicted the concept of the discreteness of energy levels in atoms. In the

1920s, it was deduced from the developing quantum mechanics that the energy spectrum of

particles emitted during the decay of nuclei had to be discrete. The energy of particles must be

corresponding to the difference between energy levels. Therefore, for the followers of quantum

theory the continuous spectrum of emitted electrons was a serious obstacle to all quantum

mechanical constructions [1, 2].

In order to save quantum mechanics, on December 4, 1930 W. Pauli writes a letter to the

participants of the physics conference in Tübingen. In that letter, he puts forward a hypothesis

that β-decay is accompanied by the emission of a neutral particle, which takes away so much of

the decay energy that the sum of the energy of the newly introduced particle and the energy of

the electron remains unchanged. This particle was later given the name neutrino. Initially, this

hypothesis, due to its absurdity, was rejected, but with time it was fitted by the supporters of

quantum mechanics into the modern picture of the microworld.

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Smulsky, J. J. (2023). Neutrino is the Brightest Particle of the Fictitious Micro-world. European Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol - 11(3). 616-633.

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.113.14932

CONTINUOUS Β-DECAY SPECTRUM

Apparently, it was A.H. Bucherer who for the first time experimentally identified the continuous

spectrum of electron velocities during the radioactive decay [3]. The central element of the

Bucherer arrangement (Figure 1a) was a flat circular capacitor 8 cm in diameter (Figure 1b).

The spacing between the capacitor plates was defined by 4 quartz flakes with a diameter of 5

mm and a thickness of 0.25075 mm. A 0.5-mm pellet of radioactive radium fluoride was placed

at the center of the capacitor. The capacitor was located in an 8-cm high brass cylindrical box

16 cm in diameter, which was placed in a uniform magnetic field of strength H. Inside the box,

photographic film 2, stretching along the cylindrical surface of the box, was located (Figure 1b).

The radium pellet emitted β-rays in all possible directions. Those electrons passed through the

narrow slot of the capacitor, where the action of the electric field E due to the capacitor and the

action of the magnetic field H, perpendicular to it, were mutually compensated.

As it is evident from Figure 1b, the negative electron will be acted upon inside the capacitor by

the upward force due to the capacitor and by the downward force due to the magnetic system.

Therefore, only those particles, for which the magnetic and electric forces turn out to be

mutually balanced, will leave the centrally located radioactive source. After leaving the

capacitor, the "compensated electrons" are entering the only one magnetic field, experienced a

deflection in it, reached the photographic film, and produced blackening on the film.

Figure 1. Schematic of the Bucherer experiment [3]:

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European Journal of Applied Sciences (EJAS) Vol. 11, Issue 3, June-2023

a – view along the central axis of the capacitor; b – view on the diametrical section of the

capacitor. 1 – source of β-rays; 2 – photographic film.

The angle φ is reckoned on the film from the direction of the magnetic field H (Figure 1a). In

the direction φ = π/2, the electrons fly out of the capacitor at the lowest velocity. Therefore, in

the magnetic field they acquire the largest deviation (Figure 2). The more the angle φ differs

from π/2, the faster the electrons fly out of the capacitor, and the less they become deflected by

the magnetic field. The larger the angle φ differs from π/2, the faster the electrons escape from

the capacitor and the less they become deflected by the magnetic field. At angle

H

E

 = arcsin ,

electrons fly out of the capacitor at a velocity approaching the speed of light c. As it is seen from

Figure 2, such particles are not deflected in the magnetic field. The line obtained on the

photographic film thus represents the spectrum of electron velocities during the decay of

radioactive radium. With the polarity of the fields E and H having been reversed, a line appears

in the upper half-plane. The photographic film also shows a horizontal line produced by γ- radiation and fast electrons. A characteristic feature of the electron spectrum line is that this

line intersects the horizontal line at an acute angle.

Figure 2. Curve of deviation of the electrons with different velocities on the photographic film

in Bucherer's experiments [3].

A study of the continuous spectrum of the β-radiation of radioactive RaE, or bismuth (210Bi83),

was performed in 1927 by C.D. Ellis and W.A. Wooster [4]. At the beginning of their article, the

authors cite the results of a study by Mr. Madgwick of the Cavendish Laboratory, concerning

the energy distribution of emitted electrons. Those measurements were carried out using an

ionization chamber. The distribution curve of electrons exhibits a smooth behavior with a

maximum at 0.30 MeV energy. In this case, the electron energy varies from 0.040 to 1.050 MeV,

with the average value being Wm = 0.39 MeV. The aim of the work by C.D. Ellis and W.A. Wooster

was the determination of the total energy of electrons using a calorimeter. As a result of several

series of experiments, a calorimetric mean electron energy Wcm = 0.35±0.04 MeV was obtained.

That is, the energy that was determined using the calorimeter proved to be coincident within

the experimental error with the mean energy Wm.