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Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom 88

European Journal of Applied Sciences (EJAS) Vol. 12, Issue 4, August-2024

From the standpoint of traditional theory of gravity, gravitational shielding is not easily

understood. No justification and confidence of gravitational shielding is involved not only in

the Newton’s theory of gravity, but also even in the Einstein’s general theory of gravity. It is

clear that ordinary superconductor reveals no shielding properties against gravitational force.

In phase transition, supercurrent may reveal gravitational shielding effect. In homogeneous

ordinary superfield can reveal gravitational shielding effects. [4] It is intriguing to examine

the area describing the interplay between the theory of the gravitational field and

superconductivity. Podkletnov Nieninen reported the experimental evidence for gravitational

shielding effects in high-Yc superconductor. [5] Other groups tried to repeat the experiment

but they could not repeat the result. [6] In 1994, Alcuhierre exhibited a space-time metric in

which he advocates the warp drive: hyper-fast travel within general relativity. [7] Alcuhierre

mentioned that the driving mechanism in his metric exhibited the simultaneous expansion of

space in front of the space crafty. In this fashion, a space craft can be seen by an external

observer to have an arbitrarily large speed, faster than light, while locally the spacecraft stays

within its own future light cone and never exceeds the speed of light. [8]

UNIVERSE

E. Hubble reported the relationship between distance and radical velocity among extra- galactic nebulae. Distances of extra-galactic nebulae depend upon the application of absolute- luminosity criteria to relevant stars whose types can be recognized. Radical velocities of 46

extra-galactic nebulae are then available, but individual distances are estimated for only 24.

He plotted velocity -distance relation among Extra-Galactic Nebulae, that is, radical velocities,

corrected for solar motion are plotted against distances estimated from involved stars and

mean luminosities of nebulae in a cluster. The result of the plot established a roughly linear

relation between velocities and distances among nebulae and the relation appears to

dominate the distributions of velocities. [9] This Hubble’s Law divulged the expanding

universe and forever changed our understanding of the cosmos. It initiated the field of

observational cosmology that has exposed astonishingly vast universe that has been

expanding and evolving 14 billion years and contain dark matter, dark energy, and millions of

galaxies. Therefore, our understanding of the conception of gravity may have to be influenced.

V. Sanghai reported ray tracing and Hubble’s diagrams in post-Newtonian cosmology. The

observable universe is highly inhomogeneous on small scales. [10] A. Unzicker mentions that

general relativity and Newtonian gravity run into problems such as for dark matter, dark

energy, the pioneer and flyby anomalies. Scientific theory should be tested, because current

theory of gravities is poorly tested in the weak-acceleration regime, and the measurements

suggest that the anomalous phenomena have a common origin. The present situation is

considered as a historical perspective, and we still do not understand the reality of gravity.

[11] S. Hamaji mentions that although Hubble’s law claims expanding universe, flat gravity

caused by expanding universe is described by inverse square law of Newtonian gravity. This

principle referrers to gravity anomalies like pioneer anomaly, which comprise an abnormal

slow down relative to the Sun of the Pioneer spacecraft and the galaxy rotation problem. [12]

GRAVITY AND RELATED ISSUES

Newtonian’s Theory

Now, gravitational theory was first proposed by Newton as follows:

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Akaho, E. (2024). An Innovative Paradigm and Proposal of the Universe Including Gravity, Magnetic Field, and Magnetic Shielding. European

Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol - 12(4). 87-101.

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.124.17289

• M is a mass of object M

• m is a mass of object m

• r is a distance between m and M

• G is gravitation constant

If M is the mass of Earth, it is expressed by equations 21 and 22 mentioned later on.

This Newtonian Theory on gravity is widely used and it is a classical theory. It includes

quantum mechanics term. However, it is not attributed to the magnetic term.

Einstein’s Theory (General Relativity)

Einstein’s equation agrees with Newton’s equation in a limited case. In a simple way of saying,

Einstein’s equation combines the space, time and gravity into one and it indicates that the

gravity is due to distortion (curvature) of the space-time.

Gμν+∧gμν = (8πG) Tμν・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ (1)

• Gμν is the distortion (curvature) of the space-time

• ∧ is the Cosmological constant

• gμν is a (symmetric 4 x 4) metric tensor

• G is the gravitational constant

• C is the speed of light

• Tμν is the energy-momentum stress tensor of matter

• μ is coordinate values, and runs from ct(0), x(1), y(2), z(3)

• ν is also coordinate values, and runs from ct(0), x(1), y(2), z(3)

• t is time

The right-hand side of the equation represents the energy of the matter, and the left-hand site,

the curvature of the space-time. Eventually, Gμν can be further defined as;

Gμν = 8πTμν

This Einstein gravity formula neither includes the quantum mechanics value nor the magnetic

value.

Phonon, and Gravitational-Wave

Volfson invented a device of phonon maser and mentioned that the beam generated from the

device changes properties of space, including its gravitational energy. The phonon maser is

composed of a resonant cavity, superconductive gain medium, and pumping means. He states