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European Journal of Applied Sciences – Vol. 12, No. 5
Publication Date: October 25, 2024
DOI:10.14738/aivp.125.17511.
Blanovsky, A. (2024). Classical Field Theory-based Design of Green Energy Systems. European Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol -
12(5). 01-08.
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
Classical Field Theory-based Design of Green Energy Systems
Anatoly Blanovsky
Westside Environmental Technology, Los Angeles, CA 90046
ABSTRACT
Novel technologies are often traced back to fundamental science. Green energy,
particularly fission-, gamma- and photo-electric (PE) cells, are no exception. Based
on the fundamentally sound Lorentz Theory, this article aims to explain how
implementation of blackbody-cavity PE cells can greatly increase efficiency of the
integrated conventional thermal and photovoltaic systems. Long before quantum
mechanics, Lorentz suggested that some disturbances, like waves, travel with
particles through a certain medium - motionless ether. The waves are described
by the Klein-Gordon equation and dispersion relation 2=c2k2+c
2. In
hydromechanics, they are known as non-propagating waves and a boundary
frequency c is called the cutoff frequency. The group velocity approaches zero
and waves are not propagating if their frequency is below the cutoff frequency c.
Their group and phase velocity are related by vu=c2, in the infinite k limit v=u=c
and the group velocity maximum are c. A quantum object is considered as a
vibrating particle or material body with a rest mass m moving in resonance with
wave characterized by the cutoff or Compton frequency c =mc2/
.
Keywords: Lorentz theory, blackbody-cavity, photoelectric, solar, fission - electric cell,
CIGS cylindrical photovoltaic, carbon nano-tube cathode.
INTRODUCTION
The goal of this research article is to offer an innovative approach to current nuclear and solar
power systems that would greatly increase their energy output and efficiency. The proposed
blackbody cavity design compensates for the loss of energy inherently incurred by solar
receivers due to radiation from the absorbing surface. Electron emission in a cavity can be
achieved through three common mechanisms: photoelectric (PE), thermionic (TE) and field
emission.
The most heavily deployed solar power technologies are photovoltaic (PV) panels and
concentrated solar power (CSP) systems. A proposed modification of CSP, flat or CIGS
cylindrical PV modules combines solar photoelectric (PE) and thermal systems to efficiently
convert solar radiation to electricity and thermal energy (to be stored and/or converted to
electricity). Mo, Pt, Al, Ni, or Ag based thin films back contact material for CIGS solar cells can
serve as the PE anode. An inverter such as hybrid PE solar panel and thyratron changes the
energy from direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC), which is typically used in
buildings.
CLASSICAL FIELD THEORY
The two fundamental wave types in the quantum medium are the longitudinal and transverse
waves. Classical physics provides the accurate field values (group velocity and intensity of
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Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom 2
European Journal of Applied Sciences (EJAS) Vol. 12, Issue 5, October-2024
transverse waves) into Maxwell's field equations, and characterizes antiparticles as
longitudinal waves with negative group velocity in Newtonian mechanics. The pairs such as
electron-positrons described by the four Klein-Gordon equations are balanced by the energy
2mc2 at the distance d=e2/(4πε2mc2)=1.4*10-15m. Originally, the energy mc2 was introduced
to stabilize the charged particles by compensating the Coulomb interactions.
Analogy between the acoustic and quantum waves naturally appears when we consider waves
on a discrete string of atoms. The frequency of the oscillation should be computed in terms of
the mass of the atom M and the string elastic constant a. Here a is the distance between two
neighboring atoms. The length of the string of N atoms is L=Na, the material density =M/a
and the characteristic speed c=(a/)
1/2. It can be shown that deviation of the nth atom from
the equilibrium position is zn=Ane
i(t+kna), where n is integer. The internal energy density
2
3
2 m
k
c
u
=
and discrete set of k is connected with medium structure.
Then the number of oscillators or traveling wave states between k and dk in the polar
coordinates is
( )
dN k dk 2
3
2
4
=
and their energy is
ck, we have kc=1016m-1 and
( )
4
3
2
3 m
k
c
u
= 1037 N/m2. For wavelengths shorter than mean distance between the atoms
(cutoff wave number kc=N/L=/a), propagation becomes impossible.
As kc=108 cm-1 and c=3×105 cm/s, the cutoff frequency of the material oscillations
c=ckm1013s
-1. If the cutoff frequencies of vacuum oscillations νc is ~1024s
-1, it leads to
restriction on its characteristic size >2c/νc=10-16m. For ideal quantum fluid or radiation,
pressure of energy density is P=u/3.
In 1923, de Broglie suggested that real wave pilots the particle in a vacuum. At that time, the
idea was not accepted as conflicting relativity. Instead of a systematic effect analysis, the
constancy of light velocity was postulated to justify the result of the Michelson or Sagnac
experiment on open paths, in which the Earth appears not to rotate around the Sun.
Mathematically, it was based on the Lorentz transformation that preserves a wave equation in
moving frame instead of time. As an algebraic expressions - Lorentz transformation is equally
applies to any wave motion, the variable values of light velocity were used in Einstein original
manuscript. Moreover, field equations of general relativity do not lead to attraction between
material bodies [1-4].
Photoelectric Solar and Radioisotope Systems
In the photoelectric (PE) modules, spacing between transparent or cavity-type anode and
cathode allows for greatly improved fundamental properties compared to, photovoltaic (PV)
modules. Particularly, a combined photoelectric, photovoltaic and blackbody-cavity thermal
solar module converts incident sunlight to both electricity and high-temperature thermal
energy. This greatly increases thermal insulation and efficiency of the concentrated solar