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European Journal of Applied Sciences – Vol. 12, No. 6
Publication Date: December 25, 2024
DOI:10.14738/aivp.126.17848.
Anika, A. A., & Lambert, E. (2024). Self-concealment Influence on Addictive Behaviour, Suicidal Ideation, and Mental Health
Among Drug Addicts from Sampled Rehabilitation Centres in the Coastal Region of Kenya. European Journal of Applied Sciences,
Vol - 12(6). 74-88.
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
Self-concealment Influence on Addictive Behaviour, Suicidal
Ideation, and Mental Health Among Drug Addicts from Sampled
Rehabilitation Centres in the Coastal Region of Kenya
Alice A. Anika
Psychology and Special Needs Department,
School of Education, Pwani University Kenya, Kenya
Edward Lambert
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences,
Atlantic International University, USA
ABSTRACT
This study investigates the impact of self-concealment on addictive behaviours,
suicidal ideation, and mental health among drug addicts in rehabilitation centres
located in the coastal regions of Kenya. Self-concealment, defined as the tendency
to hide personal information and emotions, is hypothesized to exacerbate
psychological distress and hinder recovery processes. Utilizing a mixed-methods
approach, the research sampled 200 individuals undergoing rehabilitation,
employing standardized questionnaires to assess levels of self-concealment,
addiction severity, suicidal thoughts, and overall mental health status. Qualitative
interviews provided deeper insights into the lived experiences of participants,
highlighting the interplay between self-concealment and their struggles with
addiction and mental health. Findings reveal a significant correlation between
high levels of self-concealment and increased addictive behaviours, as well as
elevated suicidal ideation. Participants who reported greater difficulty in
expressing their emotions were more likely to engage in substance use as a coping
mechanism, leading to a cycle of addiction and mental health deterioration. The
qualitative data further illustrated how societal stigma and fear of judgment
contributed to self-concealment, perpetuating feelings of isolation and
hopelessness. This research underscores the need for targeted interventions that
address self-concealment in therapeutic settings, promoting open communication
and emotional expression among individuals in recovery. By fostering an
environment of trust and support, rehabilitation programs can enhance mental
health outcomes and reduce the risk of suicide among drug addicts in Kenya's
coastal regions.
Keywords: Self-concealment, Addictive Behaviour, Suicidal Ideation, Mental Health,
Rehabilitation Centres.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Drug addiction is a pervasive issue affecting millions globally, with significant implications for
mental health and societal well-being. In Kenya, particularly in coastal regions, the prevalence
of drug abuse has escalated, necessitating comprehensive research to understand the
underlying psychological factors contributing to this crisis. Self-concealment, defined as the
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Anika, A. A., & Lambert, E. (2024). Self-concealment Influence on Addictive Behaviour, Suicidal Ideation, and Mental Health Among Drug Addicts
from Sampled Rehabilitation Centres in the Coastal Region of Kenya. European Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol - 12(6). 74-88.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.126.17848
tendency to keep personal information hidden from others, has been linked to various mental
health issues, including depression and anxiety (Larson et al., 2018). This study aims to
explore how self-concealment influences addictive behaviours, suicidal ideation, and overall
mental health among drug addicts in rehabilitation centres.
Drug addiction is a complex condition characterized by compulsive drug seeking, continued
use despite harmful consequences, and long-lasting changes in the brain (Volkow et al., 2016).
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that over 35 million people worldwide
suffer from drug use disorders, with significant implications for public health and social
stability (WHO, 2021).
Self-concealment refers to the tendency to keep personal information, particularly negative
experiences or feelings, hidden from others (Larson & Chastain, 1990). This behaviour can
lead to increased psychological distress, as individuals may struggle with feelings of isolation
and shame (Brennan et al., 2015). Research indicates that self-concealment is linked to
various mental health issues, including anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation (Keng et al.,
2011).
The Link Between Self-Concealment and Addictive Behaviour is that Self-concealment may
play a significant role in the development and maintenance of addictive behaviours.
Individuals who conceal their struggles with addiction may be less likely to seek help, leading
to a cycle of substance use and worsening mental health (Cohen et al., 2016). Studies have
shown that self-concealment can exacerbate feelings of guilt and shame, which may drive
individuals to use substances as a coping mechanism (Miller et al., 2018).
Suicidal ideation is a critical concern among individuals with substance use disorders.
Research indicates that drug addicts are at a significantly higher risk of experiencing suicidal
thoughts and behaviors compared to the general population (Borges et al., 2010). In Kenya,
the stigma surrounding mental health and addiction often prevents individuals from seeking
help, further increasing the risk of suicide (Muriungi et al., 2020).
Mental health issues are prevalent among drug addicts, with many individuals experiencing
co-occurring disorders such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
(Kessler et al., 2005). The interplay between addiction and mental health is complex, as
substance use can exacerbate existing mental health conditions while also serving as a
maladaptive coping strategy (Sinha, 2008).
In Kenya, drug abuse has become a pressing public health issue, particularly in coastal regions
where the prevalence of substance use is alarmingly high. According to the National Authority
for the Campaign Against Alcohol and Drug Abuse (NACADA), approximately 13% of Kenyans
aged 15-65 have used drugs at least once in their lifetime, with higher rates reported in
coastal areas (NACADA, 2020). The coastal region, known for its tourism and trade, has seen
an influx of various drugs, including heroin, cocaine, and marijuana, exacerbating the
addiction crisis (Kilonzo et al., 2019). The Rehabilitation centres in coastal Kenya play a
crucial role in addressing drug addiction and its associated mental health challenges. These
centres provide various services, including counselling, medical treatment, and support
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groups, aimed at helping individuals recover from addiction (Kilonzo et al., 2019). However,
the effectiveness of these interventions may be influenced by factors such as self-concealment
and the stigma surrounding addiction (Muriungi et al., 2020).
Despite the growing body of literature on addiction and mental health, there is a paucity of
research focusing on the specific influences of self-concealment among drug addicts in Kenya.
Understanding the relationship between self-concealment, addictive behavior, suicidal
ideation, and mental health is essential for developing targeted interventions that address the
unique needs of this population. This study therefore explores the influence of self- concealment on addictive behaviour, suicidal ideation, and mental health among drug addicts
in rehabilitation centres in the coastal regions of Kenya. By examining these relationships, the
research seeks to contribute to the existing literature and inform the development of effective
interventions for individuals struggling with addiction.
Research Objectives
1. To examine the relationship between self-concealment and addictive behaviors among
drug addicts.
2. To assess the impact of self-concealment on suicidal ideation in this population.
3. To evaluate the overall mental health status of drug addicts in relation to their levels of
self-concealment.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Self-Concealment and Mental Health
Research has consistently shown that self-concealment is associated with negative mental
health outcomes. Individuals who conceal personal information often experience increased
levels of anxiety, depression, and stress (Larson et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2020). This
phenomenon can be particularly pronounced in populations struggling with addiction, where
the stigma associated with drug use may exacerbate feelings of shame and isolation (Brown et
al., 2019).
Self-concealment, defined as the tendency to keep personal information, particularly negative
experiences or feelings, hidden from others, has garnered significant attention in
psychological research. This construct is often linked to various mental health outcomes,
including anxiety, depression, and overall psychological well-being. Self-concealment is
rooted in the broader context of self-disclosure and interpersonal communication theories.
Derlega and Grzelak (1979) first introduced the concept, positing that self-concealment
involves a deliberate choice to withhold personal information due to fear of negative
evaluation or rejection. This choice can lead to a range of psychological consequences, as
individuals may experience internal conflict between the desire for connection and the fear of
vulnerability (Derlega et al., 2008).
Numerous studies in Anxiety and depression have established a correlation between high
levels of self-concealment and increased symptoms of anxiety and depression. For instance, a
study by Larson et al. (2015) found that individuals who reported higher self-concealment
also exhibited greater levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms. The authors suggest that
the act of concealing personal struggles can lead to rumination and aggravate feelings of
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Anika, A. A., & Lambert, E. (2024). Self-concealment Influence on Addictive Behaviour, Suicidal Ideation, and Mental Health Among Drug Addicts
from Sampled Rehabilitation Centres in the Coastal Region of Kenya. European Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol - 12(6). 74-88.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.126.17848
isolation, ultimately contributing to poorer mental health outcomes. Self-concealment can
hinder the development of social support networks, which are crucial for mental health. A
study by McElroy et al. (2018) indicated that individuals who engage in self-concealment are
less likely to seek social support during times of distress. This lack of support can perpetuate
feelings of loneliness and exacerbate mental health issues. Conversely, individuals who
practice self-disclosure tend to experience stronger social bonds and improved mental health
(Collins & Miller, 1994). The relationship between self-concealment and coping strategies is
complex. While some individuals may use self-concealment as a coping mechanism to avoid
confronting painful emotions, this strategy can be maladaptive in the long run. A study by
Keng et al. (2011) found that individuals who engage in self-concealment often resort to
avoidance coping strategies, which are linked to poorer mental health outcomes. In contrast,
adaptive coping strategies, such as problem-solving and seeking support, are associated with
lower levels of self-concealment and better mental health. Cultural factors play a significant
role in self-concealment and its impact on mental health. Research by Kim et al. (2019)
highlights that individuals from collectivist cultures may be more prone to self-concealment
due to societal expectations regarding emotional expression and interpersonal harmony. This
cultural context can influence the relationship between self-concealment and mental health,
as individuals may feel pressured to conform to cultural norms that discourage open
expression of negative emotions.
Given the detrimental effects of self-concealment on mental health, several therapeutic
approaches have been proposed to address this issue. Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)
has been shown to be effective in helping individuals recognize and challenge maladaptive
thoughts related to self-concealment (Hofmann et al., 2012). Additionally, interventions that
promote self-disclosure and enhance social support, such as group therapy, can mitigate the
negative effects of self-concealment (Yalom & Leszcz, 2005). The literature indicates a robust
relationship between self-concealment and mental health, with significant implications for
psychological well-being. High levels of self-concealment are associated with increased
anxiety and depression which hinders social support, and maladaptive coping strategies.
Addictive Behaviour and Drug Addiction
Addictive behaviour is characterized by compulsive engagement in substance use despite
adverse consequences. The relationship between self-concealment and addiction is complex,
as individuals may use substances as a coping mechanism to deal with the emotional distress
caused by their concealed thoughts and feelings (Smith et al., 2021).
Addiction is a complex condition characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite
harmful consequences. It is often classified into two main types: substance addiction (e.g.,
drugs, alcohol) and behavioural addiction (e.g., gambling, internet use). This paper will focus
on substance addiction.
Several theoretical frameworks have been proposed to understand addiction, including the
Disease Model, the Biopsychosocial Model, and the Cognitive-Behavioural Model. Each
framework offers unique insights into the mechanisms of addiction and informs treatment
approaches. Studies using neuroimaging techniques, such as fMRI and PET scans, have
identified changes in brain regions associated with reward, motivation, and impulse control.
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For instance, Volkow et al. (2010) demonstrated that drug addiction leads to decreased
dopamine receptor availability, which is linked to reduced sensitivity to natural rewards
while Genetic factors play a significant role in addiction vulnerability. A meta-analysis by
Ducci and Goldman (2008) highlighted specific gene variants associated with increased risk
for substance use disorders hence understanding these genetic influences can help identify
individuals at higher risk and tailor prevention strategies accordingly.
Certain personality traits, such as impulsivity and sensation-seeking, have been linked to
higher rates of substance use. A study by Zuckerman (1994) found that individuals with high
sensation-seeking traits are more likely to engage in risky behaviours, including drug use.
Many drug addicts also suffer from co-occurring mental health disorders, such as depression,
anxiety, and PTSD. A systematic review by Kessler et al. (2005) found that individuals with
substance use disorders often have higher rates of mental health issues, complicating
treatment and recovery. Family dynamics and peer influences are critical in the development
and maintenance of addictive behaviours. A longitudinal study by Brook et al. (2006) found
that adolescents with substance-using peers were more likely to engage in drug use
themselves.
Preventive and Treatment Approaches
Research has shown that socioeconomic factors, such as poverty and lack of education, are
associated with higher rates of substance use. A study by Galea et al. (2003) found that
individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to experience addiction- related problems while Behavioural therapies, such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
and Motivational Interviewing (MI), have been shown to be effective in treating addiction. A
meta-analysis by Magill and Ray (2009) found that CBT significantly reduces substance use
and improves treatment retention. Pharmacological treatments, such as methadone
maintenance therapy for opioid addiction, have also been extensively studied and a review by
Mattick et al. (2009) concluded that methadone is effective in reducing illicit opioid use and
improving social functioning. Integrated treatment approaches that address both substance
use and co-occurring mental health disorders have gained focus.
A study by Drake et al. (2001) found that integrated treatment models lead to better
outcomes for individuals with dual diagnoses while early intervention programs targeting at- risk populations have shown promise in preventing substance use. A study by Spoth et al.
(2007) demonstrated that family-based prevention programs can significantly reduce the
likelihood of substance use among adolescents. Moreover, Community-based approaches,
such as harm reduction and education initiatives, have been implemented to address
substance use at the population level. A review by Rhodes et al. (2006) highlighted the
effectiveness of harm reduction strategies in reducing drug-related harm. The stigma
surrounding addiction can hinder research efforts and affect treatment outcomes. A study by
Corrigan et al. (2009) found that individuals with substance use disorders often face
discrimination, which can exacerbate their condition.
Despite positive outcomes and strides made in researches on addictive behaviour, studies on
addiction face methodological challenges, such as small sample sizes and reliance on self- reported data. A review by McLellan et al. (2000) emphasized the need for rigorous research
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Anika, A. A., & Lambert, E. (2024). Self-concealment Influence on Addictive Behaviour, Suicidal Ideation, and Mental Health Among Drug Addicts
from Sampled Rehabilitation Centres in the Coastal Region of Kenya. European Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol - 12(6). 74-88.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.126.17848
designs to improve the validity of findings. Emerging technologies, such as mobile health
applications and telemedicine, offer new avenues for addiction treatment and research. A
study by Marsch et al. (2014) found that mobile interventions can effectively reduce
substance use. Longitudinal studies are essential for understanding the trajectory of addiction
over time. A review by Hser et al. (2001) highlighted the importance of long-term follow-up in
assessing treatment outcomes. Emerging technologies such as mobile health applications and
telemedicine, offer new addiction treatment and research avenues that future studies
contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of addiction and its impact on individuals
and society.
Suicidal Ideation among Drug Addicts
Suicidal ideation is a critical concern among individuals with substance use disorders. Studies
indicate that self-concealment can lead to increased feelings of hopelessness and despair,
contributing to suicidal thoughts (Miller et al., 2020). Understanding this relationship is vital
for developing effective prevention strategies. Suicidal ideation, defined as thoughts about
self-harm or suicide, is a significant public health concern, particularly among vulnerable
populations such as drug addicts. The intersection of substance use disorders (SUDs) and
mental health issues, including suicidal ideation, presents a complex challenge for healthcare
providers and policymakers. This literature review aims to synthesize existing research on
the prevalence, risk factors, and implications of suicidal ideation among drug addicts.
Prevalence of Suicidal Ideation
Research indicates that individuals with substance use disorders exhibit higher rates of
suicidal ideation compared to the general population. A meta-analysis by Wilkins et al. (2020)
found that approximately 20-30% of individuals with SUDs reported experiencing suicidal
thoughts at some point in their lives. Specific substances, such as opioids and stimulants, have
been associated with particularly high rates of suicidal ideation. For instance, a study by
Darke et al. (2017) highlighted that opioid users were more likely to report suicidal thoughts
than users of other substances.
Several risk factors contribute to the prevalence of suicidal ideation among drug addicts.
These can be categorized into individual, social, and environmental factors: Mental health
disorders, such as depression and anxiety, are prevalent among drug addicts and significantly
increase the risk of suicidal ideation. A study by McHugh et al. (2018) found that individuals
with co-occurring SUDs and mood disorders were at a heightened risk for suicidal thoughts
and behaviours. Additionally, personality traits such as impulsivity and aggression have been
linked to increased suicidal ideation in this population (Boden et al., 2019). Social isolation,
stigma, and lack of support systems are critical contributors to suicidal ideation among drug
addicts. Research by Kessler et al. (2017) indicates that individuals with SUDs often
experience social marginalization, which increases feelings of hopelessness and despair.
Furthermore, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been shown to correlate with both
substance use and suicidal ideation, suggesting a cyclical relationship between these factors
(Felitti et al., 1998). The availability of drugs and the socio-economic context in which
individuals live can influence the risk of suicidal ideation. For example, areas with high rates
of drug trafficking and low socio-economic status often report higher incidences of both
substance use and suicide (Hawton et al., 2019).
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Understanding the relationship between suicidal ideation and substance use is crucial for
developing effective treatment strategies. Integrated treatment approaches that address both
substance use and mental health issues have shown promise. A study by McGovern et al.
(2019) emphasized the importance of comprehensive assessments that include screening for
suicidal ideation in individuals seeking treatment for SUDs. Moreover, therapeutic
interventions such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy
(DBT) have been effective in reducing suicidal thoughts among drug addicts (Linehan et al.,
2015). These therapies focus on enhancing coping skills, and emotional regulation, and
addressing underlying mental health issues. This study looks into the interplay between
suicidal ideation and the mental health of drug addicts in their rehabilitation centers
Drug Abuse and Addiction in Kenyan Context
Globally, the World Drug Report 2021 by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
(UNODC) indicated that around 275 million people used drugs in the previous year, which
represents about 5.5% of the global population aged 15-64. The prevalence of drug use varies
by substance, with cannabis being the most widely used, followed by opioids, cocaine, and
amphetamines. Regional prevalence rates vary significantly. For example:
North America reports High rates of opioid use and addiction, particularly in the United States
and Canada. Europe shows increasing use of cannabis and synthetic drugs, with varying rates
across different countries. Asia has significant issues with methamphetamine use, particularly
in Southeast Asia while Africa reveals increasing drug use, particularly with cannabis and
opioids.
In Kenya, drug abuse is a growing public health concern, particularly in coastal regions where
access to rehabilitation services is limited. The interplay between cultural factors, stigma, and
mental health complicates the treatment landscape (Ngugi et al., 2022). Drug abuse and
addiction have emerged as significant public health issues in Kenya, affecting individuals,
families, and communities. The interplay of socioeconomic factors, cultural attitudes, and the
availability of substances has contributed to the rising prevalence of drug-related problems.
Research indicates a diverse range of substances abused in Kenya, including alcohol, khat
(miraa), cannabis, and increasingly, synthetic drugs such as methamphetamine and heroin.
According to the National Authority for the Campaign Against Alcohol and Drug Abuse
(NACADA), alcohol remains the most widely abused substance, particularly among young
adults. Khat, a stimulant widely consumed in the eastern regions, has also been linked to
various health issues and social problems (NACADA, 2018). Cannabis use has been reported
to be on the rise, especially among urban youth, while the emergence of synthetic drugs poses
new challenges for public health (Kilonzo et al., 2020).
The demographic profile of drug users in Kenya reveals a concerning trend among the youth.
Studies show that individuals aged 15-24 are particularly vulnerable to substance abuse,
often influenced by peer pressure, socioeconomic challenges, and a lack of recreational
activities (Mugisha et al., 2019). Gender differences are also notable, with men generally
exhibiting higher rates of substance abuse compared to women, although the gap is
narrowing as more women engage in drug use (NACADA, 2018). Additionally, urbanization
has been linked to increased drug use, as young people migrate to cities in search of better
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Anika, A. A., & Lambert, E. (2024). Self-concealment Influence on Addictive Behaviour, Suicidal Ideation, and Mental Health Among Drug Addicts
from Sampled Rehabilitation Centres in the Coastal Region of Kenya. European Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol - 12(6). 74-88.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.126.17848
opportunities but often encounter environments conducive to substance abuse (Kilonzo et al.,
2020).
The socio-economic implications of drug abuse in Kenya are profound. Substance abuse
contributes to a range of social issues, including increased crime rates, family disintegration,
and loss of productivity. A study by Ndetei et al. (2019) highlights the correlation between
drug abuse and poverty, suggesting that individuals from low-income backgrounds are more
likely to engage in substance use as a coping mechanism. Furthermore, the healthcare system
faces significant strain due to the rising number of drug-related health issues, including
mental health disorders, infectious diseases, and injuries (Mugisha et al., 2019).
In response to the growing drug abuse crisis, the Kenyan government and various
stakeholders have implemented several initiatives aimed at prevention, treatment, and
rehabilitation. The National Drug Control Policy (2019) emphasizes a multi-faceted approach,
focusing on education, community engagement, and providing treatment services. However,
challenges remain, including inadequate funding, stigma associated with addiction, and a lack
of trained professionals in the field of substance abuse treatment (NACADA, 2018).
Community-based programs have shown promise in addressing drug abuse, with initiatives
focusing on peer education and support groups proving effective in reducing substance use
among youth (Kilonzo et al., 2020). Additionally, there is a growing recognition of the need for
a holistic approach that incorporates mental health services, as many individuals with
substance use disorders also experience co-occurring mental health issues (Ndetei et al.,
2019).
Drug abuse and addiction in Kenya present complex challenges that require comprehensive
and coordinated responses from various sectors. While significant strides have been made in
policy formulation and community engagement, ongoing efforts are needed to address other
related factors such as self-concealment influence on drug addiction and suicidal ideation
among drug addict populations to strengthen treatment strategies.
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to gain a
comprehensive understanding of the research questions.
Participants
Participants were recruited from three rehabilitation centers in the coastal regions of Kenya.
A total of 150 individuals aged 18-45, who had been in rehabilitation for at least three
months, were included in the study.
Data Collection Procedure
In Quantitative Data, Participants completed a structured questionnaire that included
measures of self-concealment (Self-Concealment Scale), addictive behaviour (Addiction
Severity Index), and suicidal ideation (Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation). For Qualitative Data,
In-depth interviews were conducted with a subset of 30 participants to explore their
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experiences with self-concealment, addiction, and mental health. The interviews were semi- structured, allowing for flexibility in responses.
Data Analysis
Quantitative data were analysed using statistical software (SPSS), employing correlation and
regression analyses to identify relationships between variables. Qualitative data were
analysed thematically, identifying key themes related to self-concealment and its impact on
addiction and mental health.
RESULTS
Objective 1: Self-Concealment Influence on Addictive Behaviour Among Drug Addicts in the
three Sampled Rehabilitation Centres in Kenya analysis revealed a significant positive
correlation between self-concealment and addictive behaviour (r = 0.65, p < 0.01). Higher
levels of self-concealment were associated with increased severity of addiction. While in
Mental Health Status, participants with high self-concealment levels exhibited poorer mental
health outcomes, as indicated by higher scores on depression and anxiety scales (p < 0.01).
Objective 1: Self-Concealment Influence on Addictive Behaviour Among Drug Addicts in the
three Sampled Rehabilitation Centres in Kenya.
Data Test Technique Used
To analyze the relationship between self-concealment and addictive behavior among drug
addicts, a correlational analysis was conducted using Pearson's correlation coefficient. This
statistical method was chosen to determine the strength and direction of the linear
relationship between the two variables.
Table 1: Correlation Between Self-Concealment and Addictive Behavior (p < 0.01 (2-
tailed)
Variable Mean Standard Deviation Self-Concealment Addictive Behavior
Self-Concealment 3.45 0.78 1.00 0.65
Addictive Behaviour 4.12 0.85 0.65 1.00
Table 2: Pearson Correlation Coefficient
Variable Self-Concealment Addictive Behavior
Self-Concealment 1.00 0.65
Addictive Behaviour 0.65 1.00
Meaning of Test Results
The Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.65 indicates a moderate positive correlation between
self-concealment and addictive behaviour. This suggests that as self-concealment increases, so
does the level of addictive behaviour among drug addicts in the sampled rehabilitation
centres. The significance level (p < 0.01) indicates that this correlation is statistically
significant, meaning it is unlikely to have occurred by chance.
These results imply that findings imply that self-concealment may play a significant role in the
addictive behaviours of individuals undergoing rehabilitation. This could suggest that
interventions aimed at reducing self-concealment may be beneficial in addressing addictive
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Anika, A. A., & Lambert, E. (2024). Self-concealment Influence on Addictive Behaviour, Suicidal Ideation, and Mental Health Among Drug Addicts
from Sampled Rehabilitation Centres in the Coastal Region of Kenya. European Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol - 12(6). 74-88.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.126.17848
behaviours. Rehabilitation programs may need to incorporate strategies that encourage
openness and self-disclosure among participants to mitigate the effects of self-concealment on
addiction.
Objective 2: Self-Concealment Influence on Suicidal Ideation Among Drug Addicts in the three
Sampled Rehabilitation Centres in Kenya.
To analyze the relationship between self-concealment and suicidal ideation among drug
addicts, a correlational analysis was conducted using Pearson's correlation coefficient. This
statistical method was chosen to determine the strength and direction of the linear
relationship between the two variables.
Table 1: Correlation Between Self-Concealment and Suicidal Ideation
Variable Mean Standard Deviation Self-Concealment Suicidal Ideation
Self-Concealment 3.45 0.78 1.00 0.65
Addictive Behaviour 4.12 1.02 0.65 1.00
Table 2: Pearson Correlation Coefficient (p < 0.01 (2-tailed)
Variable Self-Concealment Suicidal Ideation
Self-Concealment 1.00 0.65
Suicidal Ideation 0.65 1.00
Meaning of Test Results
The Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.65 indicates a moderate to strong positive correlation
between self-concealment and suicidal ideation among drug addicts in the sampled
rehabilitation centres. This suggests that as self-concealment increases, suicidal ideation also
tends to increase. The significance level (p < 0.01) indicates that this correlation is statistically
significant, meaning it is unlikely to have occurred by chance.
The Implications
The findings imply that self-concealment may be a significant risk factor for suicidal ideation
among drug addicts. This highlights the need for rehabilitation programs to address issues of
self-concealment and promote open communication. Interventions that encourage self- disclosure and emotional expression may be beneficial in reducing suicidal thoughts and
behaviours in this population.
Objective 3: Evaluate the Overall Mental Health Status of 150 Drug Addicts in Relation to
Their Levels of Self-Concealment and Suicidal Ideation in Three Sampled Rehabilitation
Centres in Kenya
Data Test Technique Used
A combination of descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression analysis was
employed to evaluate the relationship between self-concealment, suicidal ideation, and
overall mental health status. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Self-Concealment
Scale (SCS) were utilized to measure mental health status and self-concealment levels,
respectively.
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Results: Descriptive Statistics:
• Average BDI score: 24.5 (indicating moderate depression)
• Average SCS score: 18.2 (indicating moderate levels of self-concealment)
Correlation Analysis revealed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.65, p < 0.01) was found
between self-concealment and suicidal ideation on one hand and a significant negative
correlation (r = -0.58, p < 0.01) was found between self-concealment and overall mental
health status.
Regression Analysis revealed that Self-concealment was a significant predictor of suicidal
ideation (β = 0.45, p < 0.01), indicating that higher levels of self-concealment are associated
with increased suicidal thoughts. The Meaning of this test results is that the results indicate
that higher levels of self-concealment are linked to poorer mental health outcomes and
increased suicidal ideation among drug addicts in rehabilitation. The moderate BDI scores
suggest that many individuals are experiencing significant depressive symptoms.
The Qualitative Findings, In-Depth Interviews, and Semi-structured interviews were
conducted with 30 participants (10 from each rehabilitation centre) to gain insights into their
experiences with self-concealment and suicidal ideation.
Results revealed the following Themes;
• Isolation and Shame: Many participants expressed feelings of isolation due to their
drug use and a strong sense of shame, which contributed to their self-concealment.
• Fear of Judgment; Participants reported a fear of being judged by others, which led
them to hide their struggles and feelings, impairing their mental health issues.
• Coping Mechanisms: Some individuals described maladaptive coping mechanisms,
such as substance use, as a way to deal with their suicidal thoughts and feelings of
worthlessness.
Qualitative Findings using Thematic analysis of the interviews revealed several key themes
such as a) Shame and Stigma where participants expressed feelings of shame related to their
addiction, which contributed to their self-concealment b) Coping Mechanisms: Many
individuals reported using substances as a way to cope with the emotional pain of their
concealed thoughts and feelings c) Desire for Connection: Despite their self-concealment,
participants expressed a strong desire for connection and understanding from others.
This results means that the qualitative findings complement the quantitative data, illustrating
the emotional and psychological struggles faced by drug addicts. The themes highlight the
complex interplay between self-concealment, mental health, and suicidal ideation.
DISCUSSION
The findings of this study emphasize the significant role of self-concealment in aggravating
addictive behaviours and suicidal ideation among drug addicts. The correlation between self- concealment and mental health issues highlights the need for therapeutic approaches that
address these underlying psychological factors. The results of this study highlight the
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Anika, A. A., & Lambert, E. (2024). Self-concealment Influence on Addictive Behaviour, Suicidal Ideation, and Mental Health Among Drug Addicts
from Sampled Rehabilitation Centres in the Coastal Region of Kenya. European Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol - 12(6). 74-88.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.126.17848
importance of understanding psychological factors, such as self-concealment, in the context of
addiction. The moderate correlation found suggests that individuals who tend to conceal their
thoughts and feelings may be more prone to engage in addictive behaviours. This could be due
to a variety of reasons, including the stress and anxiety associated with self-concealment,
which may lead individuals to seek relief through substance use. Furthermore, the findings
align with existing literature that suggests a link between emotional regulation and addiction
(Mclellan et al 2000, Kilonzo et al 2020, Hser et al 2001). Individuals who struggle with self- disclosure may find it challenging to cope with their emotions, leading them to resort to drugs
as a maladaptive coping mechanism. These results imply that Mental health professionals
working in rehabilitation settings should consider incorporating strategies to reduce self- concealment among clients. This could include fostering open communication, creating
supportive environments, and providing psychoeducation about the effects of self- concealment on mental health Larson et al., 2018, Wanga et al 2020, Muriungi et al., 2020)
While this study provides valuable insights, it is not without limitations. The sample size was
relatively small, and the study was conducted in specific rehabilitation centres of Malindi,
Portriz, and Mtwapa in the coast region of Kenya. This could limit the generalizability of the
findings. Future research should aim to include a larger and more diverse sample size.
The results of this study align with existing literature that suggests a link between self- concealment and mental health issues, including suicidal ideation (Miller et al 2020., Ngungi
et al., Brown et., 2019, Boden et al 2019) Drug addicts often face stigma and shame, which
may lead them to conceal their thoughts and feelings (Ducci and Goldman 2008., Volkow et al
2010., Kilonzo et al 2020). Self-concealment can heighten feelings of isolation and
hopelessness, potentially leading to increased suicidal ideation.
The moderate to strong correlation found in this study emphasizes the importance of
addressing self-concealment in therapeutic settings.
CONCLUSION
This study highlights the critical influence of self-concealment on addictive behaviour, suicidal
ideation, and mental health among drug addicts in rehabilitation centres in the coastal regions
of Kenya. Addressing self-concealment in therapeutic settings may enhance recovery
outcomes and improve mental health for individuals struggling with addiction. The findings
suggest that addressing self-concealment is crucial in preventing suicidal ideation among drug
addicts.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The findings suggest a need for targeted interventions that address self-concealment and its
impact on mental health. Programs should focus on creating safe spaces for individuals to
express their feelings without fear of judgment. Rehabilitation centre staff should be trained
to recognize signs of self-concealment and suicidal ideation, enabling them to provide
appropriate support and resources while policymakers should consider integrating mental
health support into drug rehabilitation programs, emphasizing the importance of addressing
psychological well-being alongside substance use treatment.Future research should explore
the mechanisms underlying this relationship and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions
aimed at reducing self-concealment in this vulnerable population.
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European Journal of Applied Sciences (EJAS) Vol. 12, Issue 6, December-2024
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