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Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal – Vol. 10, No. 11
Publication Date: November 25, 2023
DOI:10.14738/assrj.1011.15920.
Martins, R. A., Manzini, A. P. M., & Bacha, E. (2023). A Look at Violence Against Women in Maceió and Alagoas (Brazil). Advances in
Social Sciences Research Journal, 10(11). 294-304.
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
A Look at Violence Against Women in Maceió and Alagoas (Brazil)
Rubens de Andrade Martins
School of Medicine, Centro Universitário de Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
Ana Paula Moura Manzini
School of Medicine, Centro Universitário de Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
Elizabeth Bacha
School of Medicine, Centro Universitário de Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
ABSTRACT
Violence against women can be understood as a form of restriction of their freedom,
autonomy, and self-determination, and can be presented in the following types of
violence: physical, psychological, sexual, property, and moral. The World Health
Organization (WHO) estimates that approximately one in three women in the
Americas suffer sexual and/or physical violence. This research focuses on this
subject, which is so dear and topical - even though it has been around for thousands
of years - by analyzing data on violence against women in Maceió and Alagoas
(Brazil), comparing the results, investigating socio-demographic characteristics,
observing risk factors and also scrutinizing how this woman-victim is approached.
An analysis of the data obtained showed that there were 7,078 notifications of cases
of violence against women in the state of Alagoas in 2022. Of those notifications,
36.3% were situations of domestic violence, 62.15% of the victims were pardas
(black), 44.5% were aged between 35 and 64, 50.32% had suffered moral and
psychological violence and 41.1% involved women living in the capital, Maceió.
Concerning Maceió, the results were very similar to those of Alagoas and the
neighborhoods with the highest number of records were Benedito Bentes
(11.74%), Cidade Universitária (11.05%) and Tabuleiro do Martins (7.55%),
allowing us to conclude the presence of a pattern of violence against women in
outskirts locations. Due to the seriousness of the physical, emotional, and
psychological consequences, this panorama and problem should be a constant focus
of debate and research in a country that has exorbitant rates of violence against
women.
Keywords: Brazil, Violence against women, Women's Health, Public Health.
INTRODUCTION
Etymologically, violence means the use of physical, psychological, or intellectual force to deny
another person the freedom to express their will, under the pain of being threatened or even
beaten, injured, or killed. Thus, it is a violation of the essential rights of the individual [1].
Violence is on the rise these days and, given the scale of the problem and its occurrence in
different social classes, it is seen as a public health issue. A 2021 analysis conducted by the
World Health Organization (WHO, 2021) found that, worldwide, almost 1 in 3 women have
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Martins, R. A., Manzini, A. P. M., & Bacha, E. (2023). A Look at Violence Against Women in Maceió and Alagoas (Brazil). Advances in Social Sciences
Research Journal, 10(11). 294-304.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.1011.15920
been subjected to physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner or non-partner sexual
violence or both [2].
According to the Public Security Forum, 1 in 4 Brazilian women (24.4%) over the age of 16 say
they have suffered some kind of violence or aggression in the last 12 months [3].
In the 1970s, in Brazil and worldwide, violence against women became notorious, and it has
become more prominent in the early 21st century and today. In this way, gender-based violence
is determined in socio-affective relationships, with the male figure as the sovereign and the
female figure as the subordinate, reverberating in the construction of a social hierarchy and
abusive relationships [4].
In Brazilian society, sex and gender differences are demarcated. These inequalities are reflected
in the way men and women are exposed to violence. Differently from men who are victimized
in public spaces, women, in turn, are often murdered and assaulted in their home [5].
Getting closer to issues linked to everyday relationships between men and women and the
conflicts that arise in this context, as well as contributing to the theoretical and conceptual
debate on the subject in the field of Collective Health, feeds into the discussion on the
possibilities and limits of health care responses to violence.
Brazilian Law 11.340 of 2006, nationally known as the Maria da Penha Law, defines the forms
of domestic and family violence against women in Article 7:
• physical: any act aimed at harming the victim's bodily integrity or health [6].
• psychological: actions or behaviors that affect the emotional, and the self-esteem [7]
• sexual: any form of sexual contact or relationship not consented to by the victim] [8].
• property: retaining, destroying, or subtracting the victim's property [6].
• moral: slandering, defaming or insulting a woman [8].
In Brazil, since 2013, there has also been the Minuto Seguinte (Next Minute) Law, number
12.845, which defines mandatory, comprehensive, and free care for victims of sexual abuse,
where the word of the victim of sexual violence is enough for emergency care to take place in
hospitals that are part of the Unified Health System (SUS) network [9].
Broadening this legal panorama by invading anthropology and sociology, it can be seen that
conflicts arising from relations between men and women culminate in situations of violence, as
well as contributing to the theoretical debate on the subject in the field of public health and
human rights violations. At this point, the fight against violence against women is the primary
object of public policy. Thus, at the Brazilian level, the National Policy to Combat Violence
against Women and the National Pact to Combat Violence against Women have been
established, while in Alagoas there is the Commission for the Articulation of Public Security
Policies in the Prevention of Violence against Women and the Network for the Protection and
Support of Victims of Sexual Violence of the State Department of Health, which work in the field
of public security and health respectively [10]. In aggressions that occur in the context of
effective relationships, stopping the cycle of violence (Figure 1) is not easy. Support and trust
networks are essential if women are to succeed in breaking this cycle since the most frequent
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complaint made by women who suffer any form of violence is chronic pain, which has no
precise location and no name or place [11]. The importance of understanding the cycle of
violence helps to understand the dynamics of violent relationships and the difficulty women
have in getting out of them. The cycle repeats itself with increasingly violent and severe
episodes and shorter intervals between phases.
Figure 1: Cycle of violence in violence against women
Source: Own authors (2023)
In Alagoas, 775 women victims of domestic or sexual violence were treated at the State General
Hospital (HGE) in 2015, an average of more than two victims per day, according to data from
the hospital's Epidemiology Center [3].
In the same year, 2015, the Map of Violence in Maceió showed that between 2003 and 2013,
there was a 92.5% increase in the rate of killings of women and Maceió was the second most
violent Brazilian capital for women.
According to PAHO (2021) [2]., there are studies that analyze the effectiveness of prevention
and response programs. However, resources are needed to prevent violence from spreading
and to strengthen prevention and response, including primary prevention. In high-income
countries, school programs are effective in preventing relationship violence, but they have not
been evaluated for use in low-resource contexts.
There are other primary prevention strategies: those that combine women's economic
empowerment with gender equality training, those that foster communication and
interpersonal relationships within the community, those that reduce access to alcohol and its
harmful use, and those that change cultural norms in terms of gender. With this, the appropriate
response from the health sector plays an important role in preventing violence [2].
According to PAHO (2021). [2]., another form of strategy stands out: awareness-raising and
education in health and other service providers. The conclusion is that a multi-sectoral
response is needed to fully address the consequences of violence and the needs of
victims/survivors.
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Martins, R. A., Manzini, A. P. M., & Bacha, E. (2023). A Look at Violence Against Women in Maceió and Alagoas (Brazil). Advances in Social Sciences
Research Journal, 10(11). 294-304.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.1011.15920
In this context, this research aims to better understand the phenomenon of violence against
women in the microcosm of Alagoas and its capital, Maceió, as well as its relationship and
consequences for health services.
METHODS
This is a descriptive epidemiological study, with a qualitative and quantitative approach,
looking at data on violence against women in Maceió and Alagoas, comparing the results, and
highlighting the risk factors and the profile of women who suffer violence.
The elements of this research were collected from the Procedimentos Policiais Eletrônicos
[Electronic Police Procedures] (PPE), based on the findings made available by GEINFO
(Gerência de Informática [Information Technology Management]) and its Statistics sector at the
Delegacia Geral de Polícia Civil de Alagoas [Alagoas Civil Police Station]. Data was also extracted
from the Pan American Health Organization, the World Health Organization (WHO), and the
Map of Violence of Alagoas and Maceió.
For the PPE data, the following variables were used: nature of the incident, age group of the
victim, race/color of the victim, city of the incident, neighborhood of the incident, year of the
incident, and month of the incident. The data is all current and has been duly reviewed by the
Civil Police of Alagoas.
RESULTS
Incidence
An analysis of the data obtained from the Procedimentos Policiais Eletrônicos [Electronic Police
Procedures] (PPE), which brings together all the records from the Police Districts, showed that
there were 7,078 notifications of cases of domestic violence against women in the state of
Alagoas in 2022, of which 2,910 (41.1%) involved women living in Maceió.
In Alagoas, the most violent month was October with 665 notifications (9.4%) of the 7078
notifications in the state. Unlike Maceió, where the month of January has a high rate of
notifications, corresponding to 298 notifications (10.2%) of the 2,910 notifications in this
municipality.
An analysis of the tables shows that 8,012 cases of violence against women were reported in
Maceió, of which 2,910 notifications (an average of 242 per month) were classified as domestic
violence or 36.3% of the total number of criminal acts. This means that more than 1⁄3 of the acts
of violence against women in the capital of the state of Alagoas in 2022 occurred in the domestic
context and/or in cohabitation relationships.
Age
The analysis of notifications of violence concerning age group showed that both in the state of
Alagoas with 7,381 notifications (40.3%) and in the municipality of Maceió with 2,995
notifications (44.5%), violence against women predominates in the 35 to 64 age group. There
is also a high incidence of notifications among girls aged between 18 and 24. It can be seen that
cases follow an upward trajectory up to the 35-64 age group. The other age groups recorded
fewer occurrences.
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Race
For the color/race variable, it was observed that both in the state of Alagoas with 7,381
notifications (62.1%), and in the municipality of Maceió with 2.995 notifications (56.6%),
violence against women predominates among parda (black) people (Table 1).
Table 1: Domestic violence against women/age group and race (2022)
Domestic Violence against Female Victims 2022
Victim's age group Qty per Victim
ALAGOAS MACEIÓ
0 to 11 Years 125 27
12 to 17 Years 417 96
18 to 24 Years 1359 529
25 to 29 Years 1240 494
30 to 34 Years 1064 438
35 to 64 Years 2979 1333
65 Years and Over 194 77
No Information 3 1
TOTAL 7.381 2.995
Source: PPE 02/15/2023
Note: Consider that l(one) BO [Incident Report] may contain more than l(one) VICTIM;
Domestic Violence against Female Victims 2022
Race / Color of Victim Qty per Victim
ALAGOAS MACEIÓ
Amarela (Asian) 29 22
White 1634 786
Indigenous 7 2
Parda (Black) 4584 1696
Black 514 231
Race Not informed 613 258
TOTAL 7.381 2.995
Source: PPE 02/15/2023
Note: Consider that l(one) BO [Incident Report] may contain more than l(one) VICTIM- Source: Own authors (2023), (based on data collected).
Location (Cities in Alagoas)
In terms of the nature or legal classification of the violence, the number of violent acts exceeds
the number of records, since in the same police report/factual situation it is common for
different types of violence to be practiced and therefore for different crimes to be committed.
In this panorama, in 2022, 3.537 violent criminal acts were perpetrated against women in the
context of domestic and/or interpersonal relationships, while in the state as a whole, this figure
jumps to 8.818, so Maceió represents 40.11%. It is worth noting that according to the IBGE in
the last Census of 2023, Alagoas had a population of 3.056.527 inhabitants, while Maceió had a
total of 957.900 (31.33% of the total). The data obtained shows that although Maceió accounts
for less than 1⁄3 of the state's total population, the percentage of violence against women
exceeds the population proportion since 40.11% of violent crimes took place in Maceió.
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Martins, R. A., Manzini, A. P. M., & Bacha, E. (2023). A Look at Violence Against Women in Maceió and Alagoas (Brazil). Advances in Social Sciences
Research Journal, 10(11). 294-304.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.1011.15920
Location (Maceió Neighborhoods)
With regard to the city/neighborhood variable, it can be seen that 7.078 notifications in the
state of Alagoas, and 2.910 notifications (41.1%) occurred in the city of Maceió.
A geographical analysis of the 2022 data for Maceió (Graph 2) shows that the neighborhood
with the highest number of records of violence against women is Benedito Bentes (11.74%),
followed by Cidade Universitária (11.05%), Tabuleiro do Martins (7.55%), Jacintinho (6.82%)
and Clima Bom (5.68%). Although some of these neighborhoods have a high population density,
it is possible to conclude that in absolute terms, the most dangerous neighborhoods for women
are on the outskirts. In addition to the 2022 data obtained by the authors of this paper, the 2021
data shown (Graph 1) are quite similar, and show similar geographical distribution, proving a
pattern.
Graph 1: Violence against women in percentages by neighborhoods in Maceió with the highest
rates (2022)
Source: The authors, 2023 (based on data collected).
Nature of the Violence
When it comes to analyzing the type of violence practiced and its related criminal types, in the
context of the city of Maceió in 2022, moral and psychological violence undoubtedly stand out,
since threats (1.293), defamation (127), and insults (360) together account for 50.32% of the
3.537 records. In this scenario, physical and/or sexual violence also stands out, accounting for
28% of the total through bodily injury (854), criminal acts (47), attempted murder (6),
attempted femicide (13) rape (29), statutory rape (40) and attempted rape (8).
When we shift the focus to the state of Alagoas, this dynamic is repeated, with 49% of violent
acts including threats, defamation, and insults, while the same violent acts (used as a
parameter) that attack women's physical and sexual freedom accounted for 30.35% of the total.
In the meantime, we can conclude that the profile of violence in the capital mirrors that of the
state.
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DISCUSSION
Incidence
Incidence in the World:
A 2018 analysis of prevalence data from 2000-2018 in 161 countries and areas, conducted by
WHO on behalf of the UN inter-agency working group on violence against women, found that
worldwide, almost 1 in 3, or 30%, of women have been subjected to physical and/or sexual
violence by an intimate partner or non-partner sexual violence or both [12]. According to the
Pan American Health Organization [2], in less developed countries the prevalence of intimate
partner violence against women aged 16-49 is 37%.
By contrast, in Western Europe and North America, the prevalence rates are 21% and 25%
respectively. It can therefore be inferred, albeit in a superficial analysis because it is not the
subject of this work, that there is a sad coincidence between low human development indices
and high numbers of violence against women on the world stage. As will be seen below, this
phenomenon repeats itself in an identical way when comparing the Brazilian states and the
neighborhoods of the city of Maceió (Figure 2).
Source: WHO (2021)
Incidence in Brazil:
According to a survey carried out by Datafolha in 2022, 1/4 of Brazilian women interviewed
between the ages of 15 and 49 who have been in a relationship have been subjected to physical
and/or sexual violence by their intimate partner at least once in their lives (since the age of 15).
Concerning the last survey, in 2020, the growth was 4.5 percentage points, which reveals a
worsening of the violence suffered by women in Brazil [13].
Also, in relation to the same report, led by Bueno (2023), 33.4% of Brazilian women aged 16 or
over experienced some form of physical and/or sexual violence from a partner, spouse,
boyfriend, or ex-partner/ex-spouse/ex-boyfriend in 2021. This result is higher than the world
average cited above [2].
Compared to the last survey, in 2021, the increase in this index was 4.5 percentage points,
which reveals a worsening of the violence suffered by women in Brazil in the last year.
When analyzing violence against women from the specific perspective of homicides, it can be
seen that according to the Brazilian Security Forum's 2021 Atlas of Violence, although Brazil
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Research Journal, 10(11). 294-304.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.1011.15920
showed an 18.4% reduction in female homicides between 2009 and 2019, 14 of the 27
Federative Units increased. It is worth noting that still in the wake of the data obtained by the
Forum, the most significant increases were recorded in the states of Acre (69.5%), Rio Grande
do Norte (54.9%), Ceará (51.5%) and Amazonas (51.4%).
The biggest reductions occurred in Espírito Santo (-59.4%), São Paulo (-42.9%), Paraná
́ (-
41.7%) and the Federal District (-41.7%). It can therefore be seen that there is a coincidence
between a low Human Development Index and poverty and an increase in violence against
women. After all, the states with the biggest increases are in the North and Northeast of Brazil,
which are known to be poorer regions. The biggest falls occurred in the South, Southeast, and
Federal District, known to be the country's most prosperous regions.
This scenario, within the Microcosm of Maceió, repeats the same pattern, since in 2022 the
neighborhoods with the highest rates of violence against women were all peripheral locations
such as Benedito Bentes, Tabuleiro do Martins, Clima Bom, and Cidade Universitária. In
addition, in 2015 the homicide rate for women in Alagoas was 5.4 compared to 4.4 in the
country per 100.000 women [14].
The analysis of the data in the capital of Alagoas, in Brazil, and in the world, even if we disregard
other variables such as demographic density, population, and hidden figures, undoubtedly
points to the fact that there is a macabre encounter between poverty and violence against
women, between low human development indices and female vulnerability [12].
Forms of Violence in Brazil
According to the Brazilian Forum for Public Security, among the forms of violence against
women, 24.5% said they had been victims of physical aggression (15.7 million); 21.1% had
suffered sexual violence by being forced to have sexual relations against their will (13.6 million)
and 32.6% had been victims of psychological violence, with insults, humiliation and swearing
uttered repeatedly (21 million).
The most frequently reported type of violence was verbal abuse, such as insults and name- calling, accounting for 23.1% or 14.9 million. Considering all the forms of violence listed
(physical, psychological, and sexual), 43% of Brazilian women claim to have suffered intimate
partner violence in their lifetime, equivalent to 27.6 million women aged 16 or over [13].
The data cited above was published in the document entitled Visible and Invisible: The
Victimization of Women in Brazil (2023) in partnership with the Brazilian Public Safety Forum
(FBSP). The methodology used included quantitative research carried out by the Datafolha
Institute and the FBSP through interviews with questionnaires in 126 Brazilian municipalities
and with a sample of 2.017 women. It can be seen that the results obtained are the result of
approximations typically used by research institutes, which through interviews with portions
of the population or specific groups seek to estimate data concerning the whole. These
methodologies are validated and recognized, but they have a margin of error and are different
from the methodology used in this course conclusion since only the data recorded in the PPE
was scrutinized.
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The women interviewed by Datafolha may or may not have gone to an official body. In fact,
according to Datafolha in a survey commissioned by the FBSP in 2019, 52% of women who
were victims of aggression remained silent, and only 22% went to an official body, with the
Delegacia da Mulher (Women's Cases Police Station) being the most popular. Therefore, the
data contained in the PPE represents only a small fraction of the acts of violence committed, it
is only the tip of the iceberg since 78% of violent acts remain under the cloak of hidden figures.
The comparison of the figures provided by the Public Security Forum is not equivalent to the
figures in the PPE for Maceió and Alagoas, if the latter are compared with the total population
of women. After all, as mentioned above, it is estimated that less than 1⁄4 of violent acts against
women are officially recorded. For this reason, it was decided not to draw a percentage
relationship between the records in Maceió and Alagoas and the absolute number of women in
the capital and the state.
However, starting from the same premise, it is possible to say that the figures underestimate
the facts. Taking the research commissioned by the Brazilian Public Safety Forum as a
parameter, if we consider that only 22% of violent acts against women were recorded in 2022
in Maceió, from this premise it would be possible to conclude that the number of occurrences
would jump to more than 36.000 in the year 2022, in contrast to the 8.012 recorded by official
bodies. Therefore, underreporting and hidden figures still make it impossible to paint a faithful
and cruel picture of the reality of women victims of violence in the capital of Alagoas and in
Brazil.
Victim Profile
Concerning the age group, this study found that both in the state of Alagoas (40.3%) and in the
municipality of Maceió (44.5%), violence against women predominates in the 35 to 64 age
group. These rates are similar to those pointed out by Bueno in 2023, with the peak in the 25
to 34 age group (48.9%). Concerning the color/race variable, this study found that both in the
state of Alagoas (62.1%) and in the municipality of Maceió (56.6%), violence against women
predominated among parda (black) people. It is also worth noting that the data obtained by the
authors refers to the year 2022 but is close to the data recorded by the Polícia Civil (Civil Police)
Statistics Department in 2021. In this period 67% of women victims of violence were pardas
(black) and 7% black, reinforcing the victimization and vulnerability of these ethnic groups,
who have historically been targets of all kinds of violence and helplessness. According to
Cerqueira (2021) [12]., the mortality rate from violence among black women in 2009 was
48,5% higher than for non-black women, and eleven years later, the mortality rate for black
women was 65.8% higher than for non-black women. With regard to the level of education, the
analysis of domestic violence against women in Alagoas in 2021 showed that the overwhelming
majority of women victims did not have completed higher education. Considering that 56% of
the victims did not report their level of education, if we analyze only the group that did, 72% of
the women in this group did not attend university.
Frequency, Author Profile, and Location
According to Cerqueira (2021) [12]., the perpetrators of the most serious violence suffered in
the last 12 (twelve) months against women are ex-spouses/ex-boyfriends/ ex-partners, around
31.3%. This percentage is higher than the 26.7% of cases where the perpetrators are spouses,
partners, and boyfriends, followed by 24.5% of cases involving unknown perpetrators. So, we
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Research Journal, 10(11). 294-304.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.1011.15920
come to the conclusion that common sense is capable of reaching: the main perpetrators of
violence against women, in all its forms and possibilities, are their current or past partners.
Regarding the place where the violent acts took place, the victims' homes stand out, as they are
the riskiest place for women, with 53.8% of the most serious episodes of violence occurring in
the last 12 (twelve) months. It was also found that there was an increase of 10 (ten) percentage
points compared to the survey carried out in 2017, which registered 43.3% [12].
Follow-up
Violence against women has been perpetrated by societies over the generations since the
beginning of time, not all women who are victims of violence seek help. Around 45% of the
victims did not take appropriate action concerning the most serious aggressions they suffered.
However, 17.3% of women seek family help, while the support of friends reflects a percentage
of 15.6% and the search for the church corresponds to 3.0%, a percentage lower than the last
survey, in which the church had a percentage of 8.2% of the interviewees [12]. Concerning
official bodies, the Delegacia da Mulher (Women's Cases Police Station) stands out with 14.0%,
followed by 8.5% of complaints at a regular police station as the main support for victims of
violence against women. However, 4.8% of women sought out the Military Police (190), and
1.7% sought out the police through electronic records, as opposed to 1.6% who sought out the
Central de Atendimento à Mulher [Women's Call Center] (180). On the other hand, 38% of the
women who didn't seek help from the police said that they had resolved the situation on their
own. This is an increase from the previous survey, in which 21.3% of women didn't believe that
the police would find a solution; 14.4% of victims felt that they didn't have enough evidence to
file a complaint; 13.2% felt that the complaint had no purpose; 12.8% were afraid of reprisals,
followed by 10.9% who didn't want to get involved with the police (Map of Violence against
Women in Alagoas, 2021) [15].
CONCLUSION
Violence against women is recognized as a public health issue, due to the seriousness of the
emotional consequences and the high rate in different social classes, cultures, and races.
Talking about this issue, in a country and state that has high rates of violence against women,
is perhaps giving a voice to these victims and collaborating, even if only minimally, in this fight.
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