From Replacement Migrations to the “Great Replacement”: Demographic Reproduction and National Populism in Europe
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.76.8275Keywords:
Migration, Population Studies, Metaphors, Conspiracy theory, National populism, EuropeAbstract
This article aims to analyse how the distorted story about demographic evolution—demographic reproduction and its relationship with social stratification—is becoming substantial enough to erode democracy. In order to demonstrate this, it first analyses the origin of the “Great Replacement” metaphor that is used to refer to international migration, inside and outside the discipline of demography, as part of an allegory referring to demographic transformations in the twenty-first century, together with the metaphors “demographic winter” (referring to population ageing), and “demographic suicide” (when speaking of declining fertility). Second, it relates these three metaphors with right-wing national populist movements and explains how they have developed as conspiracy theories.
References
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[43] Coleman, David, (2006). Immigration and Ethnic Change in Low-Fertility Countries: A Third Demographic Transition. Population and Development Review, 32 (3): 401-446; and Coleman, David, 2010. Projection of the Ethnic Minority Populations of the United Kingdom 2006-2056. Population and Development Review, 36, (3): 441-486.
[44] Murray, Douglas, (2017). The Strange Death of Europe. Immigration, Identity, Islam. London: Bloomsbury Continuum.
[45] Ye’or, Bat, (2005). Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
[46] Brecht, Bertolt, (1998). Poems 1913-1956. In: John Wilett and Ralph Manheim, eds. London: Methuen, 440.
[47] Zemmour, Eric, (2014). Le suicide français. Paris: Albin Michel.
[48] Mio, Op. cit., 1997.
[49] Lakoff, Op. cit., 2016.
[50] Dumont, Op. cit., 1991.
[51] Schooyans, Op. cit., 1999.
[52] Ratzinger, Joseph, (1997). Salt of the Earth: The Church at the End of Millennium: An Interview with Peter Seewald. Ignatius Press.
[53] Murray, Douglas, (2019). The Madness of Crowds: Gender, Race and Identity. London: Bloomsbury Continuum.
[54] Puar, Jasbir, (2005). Queer Times, Queer Assemblage. Duke: Duke University Press.
[55] Taguieff, Pierre-André, (2015). La revanche du nationalisme. Néopopulistes et xénophobes aà l’assaut de l’Europe. Paris: PUF.
[56] Foucault, Michel, (1977). De la guerre de races au racisme d’Etat, à propos du “Il faut défendre la Société, Cours de Collège de France 1976. Paris: Gallimard-Seuil.
[57] Foucault, Op. cit., 1977.
[58] Foucault, Michel, (2018). La Parrêsía. Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva.
[59] Jameson, Op., cit., 2007.
[60] Lyotard, J. F., (1979). La condition postmoderne. Paris: Les éditions de minuit.
[61] Piketty, Thomas, (2019). Capital et ideologie. Paris: Les Livres du Nuveau Monde.
[62] Hristov, Todor, (2019). Impossible Knowledge. Conspiracy Theories, Power and Truth. London: Routledge.
[63] Reardon, K. K. (1981), Persuasion: Theory and Context. Beverly Hills: Sage.
[64] Maldonado, Lorena, (2019). La última sorpresa de Abascal: cita al dramaturgo comunista Bertold Brecht. El Español, 23 July 2019.
[65] Kristeva, Julia, (1988). Étrangers à nous-mêmes. Paris: Fayard.
[66] Bauman, Zygmunt, (2017). Retrotopia. Oxford: Polity Press.
[67] Jameson, Fredric, (2019). Allegory and Ideology. London, New York: Verso.
[68] Hristov, Op. cit., 2019.
[69] Foucault, Op. cit., 1977.
[2] Dumont, G. F., (1991). Le festin du Kronos. Réalités et enjeux des évolutions soco-démographiques en Europe. Paris: Fleurus.
[3] Aaron, Raymond and Rocard, Michel, (1983). Cinquante ans de réflexions polítiques. Paris: Julliard.
[4] Dumont, Op. cit., 1991.
[5] Camus, Renaud, (2017). Le Grand Reemplacement (Introduction au reemplacisme global. Paris: Chez l’Auteur.
[6] Lakoff, Gerorge and Johnson, M., (1980). Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
[7] Entman, R. M., (1993). Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43 (4): 51-58.
[8] Burgers, C., Kojnijn, E. A., and Steen, G. J., (2016). Figurative Framing: Shaping Public Discourse through Metaphor, Hyperbole, and Irony. Communication Theory, 26 (4): 410-430.
[9] Eatwell, Roger and Goodwin, Matthew, 2019. National Populism: The Revolt Against Liberal Democracy. London: Pelican.
[10] Jameson, Fredric, (2007). La totalité comme complot. Conspiration et paranoia dans l’imaginaire contemporain. Paris: Les preieres ordinaires.
[11] United Nations Population Division, (2001). Replacement Migration: Is It a Solution to Declining and Ageing Populations?, New York: Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations.
[12] Oxford Dictionary, Post-truth in 2016, https://languages.oup.com/word-of-the-year/word-of-the-year-2016
[13] Coleman, David, (2001). Replacement Migration, or Why Everyone Is Going to Have to Live in Korea: A Fable for Our Times from the United Nations. Philosophical Transactions, The Royal Society of London 357: 583-598.
[14] Mio, Jeffery Scott, (1997). Metaphor and Politics, Metaphor and Symbol, 12 (2): 113-133.
[15] Lakoff, George, (2016). Moral Politics: How Liberals and Conservatives Think. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
[16] Galton, Francis, (1904), Eugenics: Its Definition, Scope, and Aims. American Journal of Sociology, 10 (1): 1–25.
[17] Raudot, C.M. (1850). La Decadence de la France. Paris: Aymot.
[18] Dowling, Michael P., 1916. Race Suicide, Birth control. New York: American Press.
[19] Domingo, Andreu, (2008). Demodystopias: Prospects of Demographic Hell. Population and Development Review, 34 (4): 725-745.
[20] Raspail, Jean, (1973). Le Camp des Saints. Paris: Robert Laffont.
[21] Chaunu, Pierre and Suffert, Georges, (1976). La Peste Blanche. Comme éviter le suicide d’Occident. Paris: Gallimard.
[22] Chaunu, Pierre, Dumont, J. F., Legrand, J. and Sauvy, A., (1979). La France Ridée. Echapper à la lògique du déclin. Paris: Librerie Génerale Française.
[23] Raspail, J. i Dumont G. F. (1985) “Serons-nous encore français dans trente ans?”, Le Figaro magazine, 26 d’octubre 1985: 123-133.
[24] Bouclier de Charbon, P. and Chaunu, O., (1986). Un génocide statistique: on recherche 1.893.000 étrangers disparus dans l’ordinateur de l’INED. Historie, Économie et Société, 1 (1986): 159-168.
[25] Raspail, Jean, (2004). “La patrie trahie par la République”. Le Figaro, 17 June 2004.
[26] Geinoz, François, Siedenthal, François, Suarez, Antoine, and Tricot, Michel, (1989). Europe. L´Hiver démographique. Lausane: L’Age de l’homme.
[27] Sauvy, Alfred, (1928). La population française jusqu’en 1956. Essai de prévision démographique. Journal de la Société statistique de Paris, 69: 321-327.
[28] Dumont, Op. cit., 1991.
[29] Aaron, and Rocard, Op. cit., 1983.
[30] Dumont, G. F., (2007). Démographie politique. Les lois de la géopolitique des populations. Paris: Eclipses.
[31] Chesnais, Jean-Claude, 1995. Le crépuscule de l'Occident. Démographie et politique. Paris: Robert Laffont.
[32] Chaunu, Dumont, Legrand, and Sauvy, Op. cit., 1979.
[33] Laulan, Yves-Marie, (1998). Les nations suicidaires. Paris: Xavier de Guibert.
[34] Dupâquier, Jacques (1999) L’Europe malade et sa démographie. Population et Avenir. 643 (March-June 1999): 2.
[35] Le Bras, Hervé, (1998). Le démon des origines. Démographie et extrême droite. Paris: L’aube.
[36] Tribalat, Michèle, (1997). Une surprenante réescriture de l’historie. Population, 1: 137- 147.
[37] Huntington, S. P., (1996). The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon and Schuster.
[38] Schooyans, Michel, (1999). Le crash démographique. De la fatalité a l’esperance. Paris: Librairie Anthème Fayard. In English, The Demographic Crash: From Fatalism to Hope, The Central Bureau, CCVA, 2001.
[39] Huntington, Samuel P., (2004). Who are We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity. New York: Simon & Schuster.
[40] Notestein, Frank, (1945). Population–The Long View. In: E. Schultz, ed., Food for the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
[41] Van De Kaa, Dirk J. (1987). Europe's Second Demographic Transition. Population Bulletin, 42 (1), March 1987; and Lesthaeghe, Ron, 1991. The Second Demographic Transition in Western Countries: An Interpretation. Brussels: Princeton University Library.
[42] Inglehart, Ronald, (1977). The Silent Revolution, Changing Values and Political Styles Among Western Publics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
[43] Coleman, David, (2006). Immigration and Ethnic Change in Low-Fertility Countries: A Third Demographic Transition. Population and Development Review, 32 (3): 401-446; and Coleman, David, 2010. Projection of the Ethnic Minority Populations of the United Kingdom 2006-2056. Population and Development Review, 36, (3): 441-486.
[44] Murray, Douglas, (2017). The Strange Death of Europe. Immigration, Identity, Islam. London: Bloomsbury Continuum.
[45] Ye’or, Bat, (2005). Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
[46] Brecht, Bertolt, (1998). Poems 1913-1956. In: John Wilett and Ralph Manheim, eds. London: Methuen, 440.
[47] Zemmour, Eric, (2014). Le suicide français. Paris: Albin Michel.
[48] Mio, Op. cit., 1997.
[49] Lakoff, Op. cit., 2016.
[50] Dumont, Op. cit., 1991.
[51] Schooyans, Op. cit., 1999.
[52] Ratzinger, Joseph, (1997). Salt of the Earth: The Church at the End of Millennium: An Interview with Peter Seewald. Ignatius Press.
[53] Murray, Douglas, (2019). The Madness of Crowds: Gender, Race and Identity. London: Bloomsbury Continuum.
[54] Puar, Jasbir, (2005). Queer Times, Queer Assemblage. Duke: Duke University Press.
[55] Taguieff, Pierre-André, (2015). La revanche du nationalisme. Néopopulistes et xénophobes aà l’assaut de l’Europe. Paris: PUF.
[56] Foucault, Michel, (1977). De la guerre de races au racisme d’Etat, à propos du “Il faut défendre la Société, Cours de Collège de France 1976. Paris: Gallimard-Seuil.
[57] Foucault, Op. cit., 1977.
[58] Foucault, Michel, (2018). La Parrêsía. Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva.
[59] Jameson, Op., cit., 2007.
[60] Lyotard, J. F., (1979). La condition postmoderne. Paris: Les éditions de minuit.
[61] Piketty, Thomas, (2019). Capital et ideologie. Paris: Les Livres du Nuveau Monde.
[62] Hristov, Todor, (2019). Impossible Knowledge. Conspiracy Theories, Power and Truth. London: Routledge.
[63] Reardon, K. K. (1981), Persuasion: Theory and Context. Beverly Hills: Sage.
[64] Maldonado, Lorena, (2019). La última sorpresa de Abascal: cita al dramaturgo comunista Bertold Brecht. El Español, 23 July 2019.
[65] Kristeva, Julia, (1988). Étrangers à nous-mêmes. Paris: Fayard.
[66] Bauman, Zygmunt, (2017). Retrotopia. Oxford: Polity Press.
[67] Jameson, Fredric, (2019). Allegory and Ideology. London, New York: Verso.
[68] Hristov, Op. cit., 2019.
[69] Foucault, Op. cit., 1977.
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Published
2020-07-03
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Domingo, A. (2020). From Replacement Migrations to the “Great Replacement”: Demographic Reproduction and National Populism in Europe. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 7(6), 671–685. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.76.8275
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