The Children City Architecture
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.77.8722Keywords:
Children Architecture, children friendly city, city architecture, sustainable city, Children’s public outdoor spaces, children’s public indoor spacesAbstract
Since the earliest civilizations, the city had been built to fulfil what the adults had considered as society’s needs and by which architectural solutions. This process had continued in history till the 19th century and established the culture of adults’ city architecture. The children had to fit themselves in the adult’s city. It is mainly during the 1960s when new trends in city architecture have introduced new considerations for children by calling for livability in cities. This trend has increased in the 1990s by the sustainable city trends and the present initiatives of Children Friendly City.
But studying contemporary cities can raise an important argument that contemporary cities have not developed children architecture. It requires new ways of understanding children’s needs in the city and how can architecture contain these needs. These two components can establish children architecture as a new reality in our cities
References
Aries, Philippe. 1961. Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Barladi, Claudi. 2005. Cities with Children: Child Friendly City in Italy. Florence, Italy: Unicef
Bishop, Kate and Linda Corkery, eds. 2017. Designing Cities with Children and Young People. New York: Routlege.
Brady, Bernadine, Cormac Forkan & Lisa Moran. 2018. “Spaces of connection and belonging: young people’s perspectives on the role of youth cafés in their lives.” Child Care in Practice. 24 (4): 390-401, DOI: 10.1080/13575279.2017.1299110
Barlett, Sheridan, Roger Hart, David Satterthwaite, Ximena de la Barra and Alfredo Missair. 1999. Cities for Children. London: Routlege.
Carroll, Penelope, Karen Witten, Robin Kearns and Phil Donovan. 2015). “Kids in the City: Children's Use and Experiences of Urban Neighbourhoods in Auckland, New Zealand.” Journal of Urban Design. 2(4): 417-436 DOI: 10.1080/13574809.2015.1044504
Chan, L, E. Erlings, S. Mizunoya and H. Zaw. 2016, A City Fit for Children: Mapping and Analysis of Child Friendly Cities Initiatives.Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Centre for Rights and Justice Occasional Paper Series, Paper No. 5.
Cobb, Edith. 1959. ‘The Ecology OF Imagination in Childhood.’ Daedlus (The MIT press). 88 (3): 537-548 www.jstor.org/stable/20026521
Dael, Merete, Jan Helmer-Petersen, Pia Rasmussen, Monica Madsen, eds. 2011. Architecure and Design for Children and Youth. Copenhagen: The Network for Children and Culture.
Danenberg, Rosa, Vivian Doumpa and Hans Karssenberg, eds. 2018. The City at Eye Level for Kids. Amsterdam: Stipo Publishing.
Dickens, Charles (1838). Oliver Twist or The Parish Boy's Progress, edited with an introduction by Philip Horne. 2005. London: Penguin Classics.
Donovan, Frank. 1968. The Children of Charles Dickens. London: Leslie Frewin.
Ferguson, Tim, Rochelle Cassells, Jack MacAllister, and Gary Evans. 2013. “The physical environment and child development: An international review.” International Journal of Psychology. 48(4): 437-468 DOI 10.1080/00207594.2013.804190
Fillipi, Francesca. 2017. Designing for the next generation. Children urban design as a strategic method to improve the future in the cities. The Design Journal. 9 (6): 3068-3078 DOI:10.1080/14606925.2017.1352814
Frisk, Rasmus, Janette Frisk & Thomas Aarup Due. 2016. “ Designing age-integrated cities: A framework for design exemplified with tweens”. A Paper presented at the 8th Making Cities Livable Conference, Melbourne (VIC). 27-28 June 2016 https://www.arkilab.dk/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2.pdf
Gehl, Jan. ((1987) 2011). Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space. translated by Jo Koch. New York: Island Press.
Guideline (no date): Barn og Arealplanlegging (Children and City Planning (design and construction regulations), Kristiansand Municipality, Norway
Barladi, Claudi. 2005. Cities with Children: Child Friendly City in Italy. Florence: Unicef. 18-19
Bishop, Kate & Linda Corkery,eds. 2017. Designing Cities with Children and Young People. New York: Routlege.
Brady, Bernadine, Cormac Forkan & Lisa Moran. 2018. “Spaces of connection and belonging: young people’s perspectives on the role of youth cafés in their lives.” Child Care in Practice. 24 (4): 390-401, DOI: 10.1080/13575279.2017.1299110
Cortinez-O’Ryan, Andrea Albagli, Kabir Sadaragani and Nicolas Agilar-Farias. 2017.” Reclaiming streets for outdoor play: A process and impact evaluation of Juega en tu Barrio (Play in your Neighborhood): an intervention to increase physical activity and opportunities for play.” Pols One 3 (7): 1-17 DOI.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180172
Farooq, Abdulaziz, Anne Martin, Xanne Janssen, Mathew Wilson, Ann‐Marie Gibson, Adrienne Hughes and John Reilly.” 2019. “Longitudinal changes in moderate‐to‐vigorous‐intensity physical activity in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta‐analysis.” Obesity Reviews. 21(1): 1-15 doi.org/10.1111/obr.12953
Hall, Thomas. 1997. Planning Europe’s Capital Cities. London: E & FN Spon. 63-91
Hart, Roger A. 1997. Children’s Participation. New York: UNICEF.
Jacobs, Jane. 1961. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Pandom House.
Keller, Margit and Kalmus Veronika. 2009. “What makes me cool? Estonian tweens’ interpretative repertoires.” Young Consumers Insight and Ideas for Responsible Marketers. 10 (4): 329-341 DOI: 10.1108/17473610911007157
Kiilakoski, Tomi & Kivijärvi, Antti2015.” Youth clubs as spaces of non-formal learning: professional idealism meets the spatiality experienced by young people in Finland.” Journal Studies in Continuing Education. 37 (1): 47-61 DOI.org/10.1080/0158037X.2014.967345
Kruger, Jill, & Louise Chawla. 2002. “We Know Something Someone Doesn't Knonw: Children Speak Out on Local Conditions in Johannesburg.” Environment and Urbanization 14(2): 85-96 DOI.org/10.1177/095624780201400207
Kostof, Spiro. 1992.The City Assembled. London: Thames & Hudson. 71-78
Kostof, Spiro. 1991. The City Shaped. London: Thames & Hudson.
Laurence, Ray. 2017. Children and the Urban Environment. In Children and everyday life in the Roman and Late Antique World, edited by Christian Laes & Ville Voulanto. London: Routlege.
Le Corbusier. 1973. The Athens Charter. New York: Grossman Publishers.
Laura Giraldi, Elisabetta Benelli, Roberta Vita, Isabella Patti, Jurji Filieri &
Francesca Filippi. 2017. “Designing for the next generation: Children urban design as a strategic
method to improve the future in the cities.” The Design Journal 9 (6): 3068-3078
DOI:10.1080/14606925.2017.1352814
Lee, Homan, Kathrine Tamminen, Alexander Clak, Linda Slater, John Spence, & Nicholas Holt. 2015. “ A meta-study of qualitative research examining determinants of children’s independent active free play.” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 12 (5): DOI.org/10.1186/s12966-015-0165-9
Lennard, Henry & Suzanne Crowhurst Lennard. 2000. The Forgotten Child. Cities for the Well-Being of Children. Carmel, CA: Gondolier Press.
Marstensson, Fredrika and Maria Nordstrom. 2011. Nordic Child Friendly Urban Planning Reconsidered. In Designing Cities with Children and Young People, edited by Kate Bishop and Linda Corkery. (New York: Routlege. 36-46
Mamford, Lewis. 1989. The City in History. Orlando: Lewis Mamford, Orlando.
Mccormack, Gavin, Melanie Rock, Ann Toohey, Hignell Danica. 2010.” Characteristics of Urban Parks Associated with Park Use and Physical Activity: A Review of Qualitative Research.” Health & Place 16(4): 712-726 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.03.003
Morris, A.E.J. 1994. History of Urban Form. New York: Longman Scientific & Technical.
M. Kashef. 2016. “Urban livability across disciplinary and professional boundaries,” Frontiers of Architectural Research. 5(2): 239-253 URL https://www.scipedia.com/public/Kashef_2016a
Mostafavi, Mohsen. 2016. Architecture and Plurality: Aga Khan Award for Architecture. Baden, Switzerland: Lars Mullers Publishers.
Munoz, Louders Giatan. “Childhood Welfare and Rights of Children” in Children and Good Life. In Children and the Good Life: New Challenges for Research on Children (Children’s Well-Being; Indicators and Resaech), edited by Sabine Andersen, Isabell Diehm, Uwe Sander, Hogler Ziegler. New York: Springer. 41-45 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9219-9_4
Nooraddin, Hoshiar. 2016. City Centers as Urban Growth Cores, Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development. New York: IISTE.
Nooraddin, Hoshiar. 1996. A Study of In-Between Spaces Along Streets as an Urban Design Concept in Islamic Cities of the Middle East. Trondheim, Norway: NTNU.
Nolas, Sevasti-Melissa. 2014. “Exploring young people's and youth workers' experiences of spaces for ‘youth development: creating cultures of participation.” Journal of Youth Studies. 17 (1): 26-41 DOI: 10.1080/13676261.2013.793789
O'Keefe, Gwenn Schuirgin. 2011. "The Impact of Social Media on Children: Adolescents and Families.” American Academy of Pediatrcs. 127 (4): 801-805. doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-0054
Pattabi Raman & Richard Coyne. “The Production of Architectural Criticism,” Architectural Theory Review 16, no. 2 (December 2000) DOI: 10.1080/13264820009478390
Ray Laurence. “Children and the Built Environment,” in Children and Everyday Life in the Roman and Late Antique World, ed. Christian Laes & Ville Voulanto (London: Routlege, 2017) 7-43
Sammons, P., J Hall, R. Smees, J. Goff and K. Sylva, T. Smith, M. Evangelou, N. Eisenstadt, G. Smith. 2015. The Impact of Children’s Centers: Studying the effects of Children’s Centers in Promoting better outcomes for young Children and Their Families. Oxford: University of Oxford.
Sukanya Krishnamurthy.2019. “Reclaiming spaces: child inclusive urban design.” Cities & Health 3 (1): 86-98 DOI: 10.1080/23748834.2019.1586327
Trine Kjoholt,Anne, We are a Nation, We? In Smith, Anne B (Editor). 2015, Enhancing Children Rights, Pelgrave Macmilan, New York. Pp. 228-241
Verhellen, E. 1997. Convention on the Rights of the Child. Leven/Apeldoorrn: Verhellen and Garant Publishers.
WHO. 2016. Report of the commission on ending childhood obesity. 21-23 https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204176/9789241510066_eng.pdf?sequence=1
Willem Van Vilet. 2009. “Creating Livable Cities for All Ages: Intergenerational Strategies and Initiatives.” Working paper for CYE-WP1-2009. Children, Youth and Environmental Center, University of Colorado. January 2009
UNICEF, 2004, Buildinng Child Friendly Cities: A Framework for Action, Unicef Innocent Research Centre, New York.
UNICEF. 2012. The State of the World’s Children: Children in an Urban World. New York: UN Publication. 10
UNICEF, 2018, Shaping urbanization for children, A handbook on child-responsive urban planning, Unicef, New York.
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2018. The World’s Cities in 2018—Data Booklet (ST/ESA/ SER.A/417)
Barladi, Claudi. 2005. Cities with Children: Child Friendly City in Italy. Florence, Italy: Unicef
Bishop, Kate and Linda Corkery, eds. 2017. Designing Cities with Children and Young People. New York: Routlege.
Brady, Bernadine, Cormac Forkan & Lisa Moran. 2018. “Spaces of connection and belonging: young people’s perspectives on the role of youth cafés in their lives.” Child Care in Practice. 24 (4): 390-401, DOI: 10.1080/13575279.2017.1299110
Barlett, Sheridan, Roger Hart, David Satterthwaite, Ximena de la Barra and Alfredo Missair. 1999. Cities for Children. London: Routlege.
Carroll, Penelope, Karen Witten, Robin Kearns and Phil Donovan. 2015). “Kids in the City: Children's Use and Experiences of Urban Neighbourhoods in Auckland, New Zealand.” Journal of Urban Design. 2(4): 417-436 DOI: 10.1080/13574809.2015.1044504
Chan, L, E. Erlings, S. Mizunoya and H. Zaw. 2016, A City Fit for Children: Mapping and Analysis of Child Friendly Cities Initiatives.Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Centre for Rights and Justice Occasional Paper Series, Paper No. 5.
Cobb, Edith. 1959. ‘The Ecology OF Imagination in Childhood.’ Daedlus (The MIT press). 88 (3): 537-548 www.jstor.org/stable/20026521
Dael, Merete, Jan Helmer-Petersen, Pia Rasmussen, Monica Madsen, eds. 2011. Architecure and Design for Children and Youth. Copenhagen: The Network for Children and Culture.
Danenberg, Rosa, Vivian Doumpa and Hans Karssenberg, eds. 2018. The City at Eye Level for Kids. Amsterdam: Stipo Publishing.
Dickens, Charles (1838). Oliver Twist or The Parish Boy's Progress, edited with an introduction by Philip Horne. 2005. London: Penguin Classics.
Donovan, Frank. 1968. The Children of Charles Dickens. London: Leslie Frewin.
Ferguson, Tim, Rochelle Cassells, Jack MacAllister, and Gary Evans. 2013. “The physical environment and child development: An international review.” International Journal of Psychology. 48(4): 437-468 DOI 10.1080/00207594.2013.804190
Fillipi, Francesca. 2017. Designing for the next generation. Children urban design as a strategic method to improve the future in the cities. The Design Journal. 9 (6): 3068-3078 DOI:10.1080/14606925.2017.1352814
Frisk, Rasmus, Janette Frisk & Thomas Aarup Due. 2016. “ Designing age-integrated cities: A framework for design exemplified with tweens”. A Paper presented at the 8th Making Cities Livable Conference, Melbourne (VIC). 27-28 June 2016 https://www.arkilab.dk/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2.pdf
Gehl, Jan. ((1987) 2011). Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space. translated by Jo Koch. New York: Island Press.
Guideline (no date): Barn og Arealplanlegging (Children and City Planning (design and construction regulations), Kristiansand Municipality, Norway
Barladi, Claudi. 2005. Cities with Children: Child Friendly City in Italy. Florence: Unicef. 18-19
Bishop, Kate & Linda Corkery,eds. 2017. Designing Cities with Children and Young People. New York: Routlege.
Brady, Bernadine, Cormac Forkan & Lisa Moran. 2018. “Spaces of connection and belonging: young people’s perspectives on the role of youth cafés in their lives.” Child Care in Practice. 24 (4): 390-401, DOI: 10.1080/13575279.2017.1299110
Cortinez-O’Ryan, Andrea Albagli, Kabir Sadaragani and Nicolas Agilar-Farias. 2017.” Reclaiming streets for outdoor play: A process and impact evaluation of Juega en tu Barrio (Play in your Neighborhood): an intervention to increase physical activity and opportunities for play.” Pols One 3 (7): 1-17 DOI.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180172
Farooq, Abdulaziz, Anne Martin, Xanne Janssen, Mathew Wilson, Ann‐Marie Gibson, Adrienne Hughes and John Reilly.” 2019. “Longitudinal changes in moderate‐to‐vigorous‐intensity physical activity in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta‐analysis.” Obesity Reviews. 21(1): 1-15 doi.org/10.1111/obr.12953
Hall, Thomas. 1997. Planning Europe’s Capital Cities. London: E & FN Spon. 63-91
Hart, Roger A. 1997. Children’s Participation. New York: UNICEF.
Jacobs, Jane. 1961. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Pandom House.
Keller, Margit and Kalmus Veronika. 2009. “What makes me cool? Estonian tweens’ interpretative repertoires.” Young Consumers Insight and Ideas for Responsible Marketers. 10 (4): 329-341 DOI: 10.1108/17473610911007157
Kiilakoski, Tomi & Kivijärvi, Antti2015.” Youth clubs as spaces of non-formal learning: professional idealism meets the spatiality experienced by young people in Finland.” Journal Studies in Continuing Education. 37 (1): 47-61 DOI.org/10.1080/0158037X.2014.967345
Kruger, Jill, & Louise Chawla. 2002. “We Know Something Someone Doesn't Knonw: Children Speak Out on Local Conditions in Johannesburg.” Environment and Urbanization 14(2): 85-96 DOI.org/10.1177/095624780201400207
Kostof, Spiro. 1992.The City Assembled. London: Thames & Hudson. 71-78
Kostof, Spiro. 1991. The City Shaped. London: Thames & Hudson.
Laurence, Ray. 2017. Children and the Urban Environment. In Children and everyday life in the Roman and Late Antique World, edited by Christian Laes & Ville Voulanto. London: Routlege.
Le Corbusier. 1973. The Athens Charter. New York: Grossman Publishers.
Laura Giraldi, Elisabetta Benelli, Roberta Vita, Isabella Patti, Jurji Filieri &
Francesca Filippi. 2017. “Designing for the next generation: Children urban design as a strategic
method to improve the future in the cities.” The Design Journal 9 (6): 3068-3078
DOI:10.1080/14606925.2017.1352814
Lee, Homan, Kathrine Tamminen, Alexander Clak, Linda Slater, John Spence, & Nicholas Holt. 2015. “ A meta-study of qualitative research examining determinants of children’s independent active free play.” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 12 (5): DOI.org/10.1186/s12966-015-0165-9
Lennard, Henry & Suzanne Crowhurst Lennard. 2000. The Forgotten Child. Cities for the Well-Being of Children. Carmel, CA: Gondolier Press.
Marstensson, Fredrika and Maria Nordstrom. 2011. Nordic Child Friendly Urban Planning Reconsidered. In Designing Cities with Children and Young People, edited by Kate Bishop and Linda Corkery. (New York: Routlege. 36-46
Mamford, Lewis. 1989. The City in History. Orlando: Lewis Mamford, Orlando.
Mccormack, Gavin, Melanie Rock, Ann Toohey, Hignell Danica. 2010.” Characteristics of Urban Parks Associated with Park Use and Physical Activity: A Review of Qualitative Research.” Health & Place 16(4): 712-726 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.03.003
Morris, A.E.J. 1994. History of Urban Form. New York: Longman Scientific & Technical.
M. Kashef. 2016. “Urban livability across disciplinary and professional boundaries,” Frontiers of Architectural Research. 5(2): 239-253 URL https://www.scipedia.com/public/Kashef_2016a
Mostafavi, Mohsen. 2016. Architecture and Plurality: Aga Khan Award for Architecture. Baden, Switzerland: Lars Mullers Publishers.
Munoz, Louders Giatan. “Childhood Welfare and Rights of Children” in Children and Good Life. In Children and the Good Life: New Challenges for Research on Children (Children’s Well-Being; Indicators and Resaech), edited by Sabine Andersen, Isabell Diehm, Uwe Sander, Hogler Ziegler. New York: Springer. 41-45 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9219-9_4
Nooraddin, Hoshiar. 2016. City Centers as Urban Growth Cores, Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development. New York: IISTE.
Nooraddin, Hoshiar. 1996. A Study of In-Between Spaces Along Streets as an Urban Design Concept in Islamic Cities of the Middle East. Trondheim, Norway: NTNU.
Nolas, Sevasti-Melissa. 2014. “Exploring young people's and youth workers' experiences of spaces for ‘youth development: creating cultures of participation.” Journal of Youth Studies. 17 (1): 26-41 DOI: 10.1080/13676261.2013.793789
O'Keefe, Gwenn Schuirgin. 2011. "The Impact of Social Media on Children: Adolescents and Families.” American Academy of Pediatrcs. 127 (4): 801-805. doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-0054
Pattabi Raman & Richard Coyne. “The Production of Architectural Criticism,” Architectural Theory Review 16, no. 2 (December 2000) DOI: 10.1080/13264820009478390
Ray Laurence. “Children and the Built Environment,” in Children and Everyday Life in the Roman and Late Antique World, ed. Christian Laes & Ville Voulanto (London: Routlege, 2017) 7-43
Sammons, P., J Hall, R. Smees, J. Goff and K. Sylva, T. Smith, M. Evangelou, N. Eisenstadt, G. Smith. 2015. The Impact of Children’s Centers: Studying the effects of Children’s Centers in Promoting better outcomes for young Children and Their Families. Oxford: University of Oxford.
Sukanya Krishnamurthy.2019. “Reclaiming spaces: child inclusive urban design.” Cities & Health 3 (1): 86-98 DOI: 10.1080/23748834.2019.1586327
Trine Kjoholt,Anne, We are a Nation, We? In Smith, Anne B (Editor). 2015, Enhancing Children Rights, Pelgrave Macmilan, New York. Pp. 228-241
Verhellen, E. 1997. Convention on the Rights of the Child. Leven/Apeldoorrn: Verhellen and Garant Publishers.
WHO. 2016. Report of the commission on ending childhood obesity. 21-23 https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204176/9789241510066_eng.pdf?sequence=1
Willem Van Vilet. 2009. “Creating Livable Cities for All Ages: Intergenerational Strategies and Initiatives.” Working paper for CYE-WP1-2009. Children, Youth and Environmental Center, University of Colorado. January 2009
UNICEF, 2004, Buildinng Child Friendly Cities: A Framework for Action, Unicef Innocent Research Centre, New York.
UNICEF. 2012. The State of the World’s Children: Children in an Urban World. New York: UN Publication. 10
UNICEF, 2018, Shaping urbanization for children, A handbook on child-responsive urban planning, Unicef, New York.
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2018. The World’s Cities in 2018—Data Booklet (ST/ESA/ SER.A/417)
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Published
2020-08-05
How to Cite
Nooraddin, H. (2020). The Children City Architecture. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 7(7), 768–798. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.77.8722
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