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Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal – Vol. 9, No. 6
Publication Date: June 25, 2022
DOI:10.14738/assrj.96.12417. Tswanya, M. N., Kyuka, C., Bashiru, T., Abubakar, I., Bello, G. F., Muhammad, S. H. (2022). Evaluation on Growth and Yield Attributes
of Ten Winged Bean Accessionsin the Guinea Savannah Zone of North Central Nigeria. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal,
9(6). 291-297.
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
Evaluation on Growth and Yield Attributes of Ten Winged Bean
Accessions in the Guinea Savannah Zone of North Central Nigeria
Tswanya, M. N.
Biotechnology Advanced Research Centre
Sheda Science and Technology Complex, P.M.B. 186, Garki-Abuja
Kyuka, C.
Biotechnology Advanced Research Centre
Sheda Science and Technology Complex, P.M.B. 186, Garki-Abuja
Bashiru, T.
Biotechnology Advanced Research Centre
Sheda Science and Technology Complex, P.M.B. 186, Garki-Abuja
Abubakar, I.
Biotechnology Advanced Research Centre
Sheda Science and Technology Complex, P.M.B. 186, Garki-Abuja
Bello, G. F.
Biotechnology Advanced Research Centre
Sheda Science and Technology Complex, P.M.B. 186, Garki-Abuja
Muhammad, S. H.
Biotechnology Advanced Research Centre
Sheda Science and Technology Complex, P.M.B. 186, Garki-Abuja
ABSTRACT
Field experiment was conducted at the Biotechnology Advanced Research Centre
Farm, Garki-Abuja during 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons to evaluate ten
accessions of winged bean. The experiment was laid out using Randomized
Complete Block Design (RCBD), replicated three times, respectively. Data collected
on growth and yield parameters were number of leaves per plant, vine length per
plant, number of flowers per plant, pod length per plant, number of seeds per plot,
seed weight per plot and seed yield. These were subjected to analysis of variance
(ANOVA) and significant means compared using Duncan Multiple Range Test
(DMRT). Results obtained revealed that the growth parameters of the plants
increased as the plant aged. The highest vine length was obtained from TPT 9
(102.77 cm) accession and least mean values were observed from TPT 30, TPT 33
and TPT 3 in ascending order (80.57cm, 81.43 cm and 81.73 cm). There was
significant (p≤ 0.05) difference in seed yield among the accessions with the highest
yield obtained from TPT 48 (4.54 t/ha) while the least mean value was gotten from
TPT 19 (2.59 t/ha). From this study, it could be deduced that for optimum yield
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performance TPT 48 thrived better than other accessions and can therefore be
adopted by farmers in this ecological zone.
INTRODUCTION
Winged bean [Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC] is an herbaceous perennial plant but can
be grown as an annual crop (Anamika et al., 2011). It is an underutilized plant which has a wide
genetical potential to be utilized as a source of quality food and forage (Sayyidah et al., 2021).
It is also a protein rich multipurpose legume and is listed as one of the under exploited plant in
the tropics (Amoo et al., 2006) with huge potential as a food source (Mahto and Dua, 2009;
Amoo, 1998). It is consumed as pods, seeds, flowers and also tuberous roots because of their
great nutritional values. The tubers, young pods, seeds, leaves, flowers and shoot are rich in
protein, amino acids oils, vitamins and minerals (Claydon, 1978; Hettiarachchy and Kantha,
1982). Winged bean has been regarded as “one species supermarket” because practically all of
the plant parts are edible (Bhattacharyya, 2016; Wilson, 1984, Ali et al., 2005). At maturity, the
pods are 6-9 inches long and 11⁄2 inches broad, with four angled leaflike wings running
lengthwise to the pods. Seeds are round and green when mature, similar to soybeans. Root and
seed are high in protein. Much publicity has been given to this because of its high protein
content and the edibility of so many parts. Winged bean plants grow best under hot, wet
conditions and grow best with 60 to 100 inches of rainfall or irrigation per year. Winged bean
can be grown in a range of soils as long as it has good drainage. The soil is worked in with well
rotted compost and 8-8-8 NPK fertilizer before planting. The plant can fix its own nitrogen if
the Rhizobium bacteria are present in the soil (Anon, 2018). This research aimed at identifying
10 winged bean accessions that can adapt and perform better in terms of growth and yield in
the Guinea Savannah Zone of north central Nigeria.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Field experiment was conducted at the Biotechnology Advanced Research Centre Farm, Sheda
Science and Technology Complex Garki-Abuja, FCT, Nigeria in 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons
to evaluate ten winged bean accessions. Abuja is located at 8O10’N and 7O 10’N and the climate
is cold and dry from November to March and then warm and moist from April to October. The
maximum and minimum temperature is 35 and 27OC, respectively. The humidity of this area is
high (74%) all the year round except in January when dry wind blows from the north. The
average annual rainfall is over 1250 mm. The soil is of a sandy loam texture, moderately well
drained and was previously under maize cultivation before fallowing for one cropping season.
The seeds were sourced from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan Oyo
State, Nigeria. The ten winged bean accessions used were: TPT 3, TPT 6, TPT 9, TPT19, TPT 30,
TPT 32, TPT 33, TPT 42, TPT 48 and TPT 153. The treatments were laid out in a Randomized
Complete Block Design (RCBD), replicated three times. Each plot consisted of four ridges at 50
cm wide and was separated 100 cm wide. The land was cleared, raked and ridged manually.
The first planting was done between June and October 2018 and the second year planting was
done in the same months in 2019. Two seeds were planted per hole at 50 cm within row and
the seedlings were thinned to one per stand four weeks after emergence. Staking was done
when the plants reached the twining stage by supporting with 3 m long dried sticks stake for
access to adequate sunlight. Weeding was done with hoe four times at 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks after
planting (WAP). Placement method of fertilizer application was done at 150 kg N ha-1 to boast
plant growth. Data collected on growth and yield parameters were number of leaves per plant,
vine length per plant, number of flowers per plant, pod length per plant, number of seeds per
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Tswanya, M. N., Kyuka, C., Bashiru, T., Abubakar, I., Bello, G. F., Muhammad, S. H. (2022). Evaluation on Growth and Yield Attributes of Ten Winged
Bean Accessions in the Guinea Savannah Zone of North Central Nigeria. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 9(6). 291-297.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.96.12417
plot, seed weight per plot and seed yield. Data means were subjected to analysis of variance
(ANOVA) using MSTAT package and significant means were separated by Duncan Multiple
Range Test (DMRT) at 5% probability level.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Number of leaves: The number of leaves of ten winged bean accessions were not significantly
(p≥ 0.05) different from each other at 3 and 9 WAP in 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons, but
was significant (p≤ 0.05) at 6 WAP in 2019 cropping season (Table 1). In 2019 cropping season,
TPT 9 (59.60) and TPT 6(57.37) accessions produced the highest number of leaves while these
two accessions were at par with each other. This was followed by TPT 33 (53.87) and the least
mean value was observed from TPT 48 (936.10). Results from this study agreed with Sayyidah
et al (2021) who emphasised that difference in genotypes could cause variation in the number
of leaves formation in winged bean.
Vine length: The vine length varied significantly (p≤ 0.05) at 3, 6 and 9 WAP as shown in (Table
2). In 2018 cropping season, vine length of winged bean plants were significantly (p≤ 0.05)
different at 3 and 9 WAP. Under 3 WAP, the optimum vine length was obtained in TPT 9 (9.17
cm) and TPT 153 (9.20 cm). This was closely followed by TPT 48 (8.77 cm) and the least mean
value was obtained from TPT 3 (7.60 cm) accession. Morealso, in 2018 cropping season at
sampling occasion of 9 WAP; TPT 9 significantly (p≤ 0.05) proved its superiority over other
accessions with mean value (102.77 cm). This was followed by TPT 153 (94.20 cm) while the
least mean values were obtained from TPT 30, TPT 33 and TPT 3 in this ascending order
(80.57cm, 81.43 cm and 81.73 cm). This indicated that the accessions exhibited significant
variations on the vine length per plant. Result obtained in this study corroborates with
Adegboyega et al (2021) who stated that significant variations were observed among the
accessions on some growth parameters during their study.
Number of flowers: The number of flowers were significantly (p≤ 0.05) different from each
other only in 2018 cropping season. Plants of TPT 9 (10.27) recorded the highest number of
flowers but were at par with TPT 153 (9.20). This was followed by TPT 33 (9.17) while the least
mean values were observed from TPT 3, TPT 19 and TPT 6, respectively (Table 3). The result
obtained from this study is in agreement with Lawal et al (2019) who reported that accessions
exhibited significant (p≤ 0.05) variation for flowering and podding dates, petiole length and top
leaflet length. The flowering variations may be due to the plants genetic makeup.
Pod length: The pod length of the ten winged bean accessions evaluated were not significantly
(p≥ 0.05) different from each other in 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons. However, the longest
pod length was obtained from TPT 33 (17.40 cm) in 2019 cropping season, while the least mean
value was gotten from TPT 48 in 2018 cropping season (Table 3).
Number of seeds: The mean number of seeds of ten winged bean accessions were not
significantly (p≥ 0.05) different in both cropping seasons. Evidently, it became clear that despite
non-significance effect recorded among the accessions, the highest mean value was obtained
from TPT 42 (169.67) in 2019 cropping season and the least mean value was observed from
TPT 19 (33.93) in 2018 cropping season (Table 4). However, research conducted by Lawal et
al (2019) showed that number of seeds per pod varied from 7 to 15 seeds per pod among the
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accessions with a mean of 12.5 seeds per pod. The non-significance effect on the number of
seeds per pod obtained from this study may be due to edaphic and environmental condition.
Seed weight: The winged bean accessions had significant (p≤ 0.05) effect on each other in 2019
cropping season. The accessions evaluated proved their superiority with the heaviest mean
value obtained from TPT 48 (113.43 g) which was followed by TPT153 (98.33 g) and the least
mean value was observed from TPT 19 (64.63 g). Seed weight is a function of seeds formed in
the pods. According to (Kumaga et al. 2003, Anon. 2011) early flower formation can increase
seeds in the pod. They also opined that early flowering in grain legumes could lead to reduction
in flower abortion thereby increasing the number of seeds and weight.
Seed yield: The winged bean accessions were significantly (p≤ 0.05) different from each other
only in 2019 cropping season with the highest mean value recorded from TPT 48 (4.54 t/ha).
This was closely followed by TPT 153 (4.22 t/ha) while the least mean value was gotten from
TPT 19 (2.59 t/ha). The highest grain yield obtained from this study is lower than 7.28 t/ ha
reported by Mohammad et al (2016). This could be as a result of genetic and environmental
factor.
References
Adegboyega, T.T., Abberton, M.T., Abdelgadir, A.H., Mahamadi, D., Olaniyi, O.A., Ofodile, S. And Babalola, O.O.
(2021). Variation in winged bean (Phophocarpus tetragonolobus) growth parameters, seed yield nodulation and
nitrogen fixation. Asian Journal of Agric. 5: 61-71
Ali, M., Madalageri, M.D. and Mulge, R. (2005). Evaluation of winged bean [Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.)]
accessions for growth and yield characters. Research on crops, 6 (2). Pp. 270-273
Amoo, I.A., Adebayo, O.T. and Oyeleye, A.O. (2006). Chemical evaluation of winged bean (Psophocarpus
tetragonolobus), pitanga cherries (Eugenia uniflora) and orchid fruit (Orchid fruit myristica. African Journal of
Food Agriculture nutrition and development 6 (2): 1-12.
Amoo, I.A (1998). Estimation of crude proteins in some Nigerian foods. Journal of Applied Sciences 1: 65-72.
Anamika, S.S., Rakesh, S. And Gantam, G. (2011). Survey report on occurrence of root knot disease in winged
bean. Archives of Phytopathology and plant Protection 44 (2): 198- 201.
Anon, (2018). College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa.
Anon. (2011). National Academic of Science. The winged bean; A protein crop for the tropics. 2nd Edition.
Bhattacharyya, B. (2016). Golden Greens. The Amazing World of plants. The Energy and Resources Institute
(TERI). Pp. 128.
Claydon, A. (1978). The role of the winged bean in human nutrition. Workshop/ seminar on the Development of
the potential of the winged bean. Los Banos.
Hettiarachchy, N.S. and Kantha, S. (1982). Nutritive value of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus).
Nutrisyon (Philippines) 7: 40-51.
Kumaga, F.K., Adiku, S.G.K. and Ofori, K. (2003). Effect of post-flowering water stress on dry matter and yield of
three tropical grain legumes. International Journal Agriculture and Biology 5: 405-40
Lawal, B.A., Azeez, M.A., Egedegbe, G., Raji, I.A., Omogoye, A.M. and Akintola, E.A. (2019). Screening winged bean
(Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L) DC) Accessions using Agronomic characters. Asian Journal of soil science and
plant Nutrition 4 (3): 1-10.
Mahto, C.S. and Dua, R.P. (2009). Genetic Divergence for Yield contributing Traits in winged bean. Indian Journal
of plant Genetic Resources 22 (3): 239-242.
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Tswanya, M. N., Kyuka, C., Bashiru, T., Abubakar, I., Bello, G. F., Muhammad, S. H. (2022). Evaluation on Growth and Yield Attributes of Ten Winged
Bean Accessions in the Guinea Savannah Zone of North Central Nigeria. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 9(6). 291-297.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.96.12417
Mohammad, A.I., AmruNasrulhaq, B., Md, M.R., Mohd, S.A., and Muhammad, A.A. (2016). Effects of organic
fertilizers on the growth and yield of bush bean, winged bean and yard long bean. Vol. 59. http:// dx. Doi. Org/
10.1590/1678-4324-2016160586.
Sayyidah, A.I., Muhamad, S., Trikoesomaningtyas and Awang, M. (2021). Agromorphological traits and harvest
period assessment of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) genotypes for pod production.
BIODIVERSITAS. Volume 22, Number 2. Pp.1069-1075.
Wilson, E.O. (1984). Biophilia. Harvard University press. Pp. 132.
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Table 1. The mean number of leaves of ten winged beans accessions in 2018 and 2019 cropping
season
3WAP 6WAP 9WAP
Accessions Number of leaves
2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019
TPT3 18.03 17.40 21.37 50.99abc 23.53 328.00
TPT6 17.83 17.60 20.83 57.37a 22.87 323.33
TPT9 18.80 16.67 21.67 59.60a 24.30 258.00
TPT19 18.27 17.90 21.20 49.03abc 24.03 341.67
TPT30 19.60 17.57 22.10 42.87bcd 24.43 461.67
TPT32 18.37 19.00 21.33 50.13abc 23.77 275.33
TPT33 18.67 16.57 21.43 53.87ab 23.93 353.00
TPT42 18.47 18.27 21.20 40.67cd 24.10 245.00
TPT48 19.43 19.00 22.00 36.10d 24.60 284.67
TPT 135 18.87 19.07 21.87 48.37abc 24.77 307.33
CV(%) 6.7 12.7 4.4 12.0 3.1 49.5
Means with the same letter in the same column are not significantly different using Duncan
Multiple Ratio (DMRT) at 5% probability level
Table 2. The mean vine length of ten winged bean accessions in 2018 and 2019 cropping
season
Accessions Vine length (cm)
3WAP 6WAP 9WAP
2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019
TPT 3 9.60c 64.43 32.43d 109.53 81.73c 248.27
TPT 6 8.57abc 74.77 34.97bcd 145.27 86.17bc 289.53
TPT 9 9.17a 63.67 39.27a 128.33 102.77a 251.77
TPT 19 8.53abc 60.70 35.00bcd 130.80 85.60bc 239.33
TPT 30 7.93bc 82.97 33.77cd 130.27 80.57c 299.60
TPT 32 8.27abc 60.90 36.20abc 152.43 85.70bc 249.77
TPT 33 8.53abc 58.27 35.53bcd 123.70 81.43c 230.67
TPT 42 8.37abcd 47.57 36.00bc 153.87 83.10bc 219.27
TPT 48 8.77ab 58.70 37.53ab 127.73 90.51bc 239.03
TPT 153 9.20a 54.23 37.63ab 139.53 94.20ab 291.47
CV(%) 6.3 32.4 4.6 18.4 7.0 14.7
Means with the same letter in the same column are not significantly different using
Duncan Multiple Ratio (DMRT) at 5% probability level
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Tswanya, M. N., Kyuka, C., Bashiru, T., Abubakar, I., Bello, G. F., Muhammad, S. H. (2022). Evaluation on Growth and Yield Attributes of Ten Winged
Bean Accessions in the Guinea Savannah Zone of North Central Nigeria. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 9(6). 291-297.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.96.12417
Table 3. The mean number of flowers and pod length of ten winged bean accessions in 2018
and 2019 cropping seasons
Accessions Number of flower/plant Pod length /plant (cm)
2018 2019 2018 2019
TPT 3 8.10c 5.33 14.50 15.30
TPT 6 8.20c 7.00 15.03 14.87
TPT 9 10.27a 10.67 14.57 15.50
TPT 19 8.10c 9.33 14.97 15.10
TPT 30 8.60bc 6.33 13.93 13.93
TPT 32 8.60bc 10.17 14.29 14.73
TPT 33 9.17b 7.00 17.00 17.40
TPT 42 8.93bc 7.00 14.84 14.03
TPT 48 9.00bc 6.67 12.30 16.40
TPT 153 9.20a 6.67 13.81 15.03
CV(%) 5.4 43.5 12.2 12.4
Means with the same letter in the same column are not significantly different using Duncan
Multiple Ratio (DMRT) at 5% probability level
Table 4. The mean number of seeds, seed weight and seed yield of ten winged
bean accessions in 2018 and 2019 cropping season
Accessions Number of seeds/plant Seed weight (g) Seed yield (t/ha)
2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019
TPT 3 41.27 43.50 80.89 73.50cd 3.17 2.94cd
TPT 6 39.97 65.00 81.78 76.60bcd 3.27 3.06cd
TPT 9 59.87 125.57 98.52 90.10bc 3.94 3.60bc
TPT 19 33.93 87.33 90.26 64.63d 3.61 2.59d
TPT 30 48.03 42.67 95.44 74.17cd 3.82 2.97cd
TPT 32 33.97 95.67 89.09 79.37bcd 3.59 3.18cd
TPT 33 40.60 62.67 91.55 85.43bcd 3.66 3.42bcd
TPT 42 43.10 169.67 98.13 83.27bcd 3.92 3.33bcd
TPT 48 46.50 86.33 107.43 113.43a 4.30 4.54a
TPT 153 51.43 95.33 112.99 98.33ab 4.52 4.22ab
CV(%) 33.9 79.2 16.6 14.6 16.9 14.9
Means with the same letter in the same column are not significantly different using Duncan
Multiple Ratio (DMRT) at 5% probability level