Life Course Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Health-Related Quality of Life
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/abr.77.6821Keywords:
Health-Related Quality of Life, Physical Health, Mental Health, BRFSS, Adverse Childhood Experiences.Abstract
This study examines the duration of the effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) throughout the lifespan with the adult population by five age groups. The study conducts a cross-sectional regression analysis using the 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data. In the empirical results, the estimated coefficients of all ACE scores for the mentally unhealthy days exceed the coefficients for the physically unhealthy days in all age groups. It suggests that the adverse effects of ACEs on mental health outcomes are more significant than the effects of ACEs on physical health outcomes. In conclusion, the empirical results indicate that the adverse impacts of cumulative ACE scores on both physical and mental health outcomes are onset at the early stage of adulthood and persist into the late stage of life. Noticeably, the adverse effects slightly drop and rebound at the middle age group, ages 40-49, and then the adverse associations of ACEs on HRQOL remain throughout the life course.
References
Adam, E. K., Chyu, L., Hoyt, L. T., Doane, L. D., Boisjoly, J., Duncan, G. J., Chase-Lansdale, L., and McDade, T. W. 2011. Adverse adolescent relationship histories and young adult health: cumulative effects of loneliness, low parental support, relationship instability, intimate partner violence, and loss. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49, 278-286.
Afifi, T. O., Enns, M. W., Cox, B. J., Asmundson, G. J. G., Stein, M. B., and Sareen, J. 2008. Population attributable fractions of psychiatric disorders and suicide ideation and attempts associated with adverse childhood experiences. Am. J. Public Health, 98(5), 946-952.
Anda, R. F. and Brown, D. W. 2010. Adverse childhood experiences & population health in Washington: the face of a chronic public health disaster (results from the 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System). Washington State Family Policy Council, A Family Community & State Partnership, July 2, 2010. http://www.wvlegislature.gov/senate1/majority/poverty/ACEsinWashington2009BRFSSFinalReport%20-%20Crittenton.pdf.
Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C., Perry, B. D., Dube, S. R., and Giles, W. H. 2006. The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(3), 174-186.
Andreson, E. M., Catlin, T. K., Wyrwich, K. W., and Jackson-Thompson, J. 2003. Retest reliability of surveillance questions on health related quality of life. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57(5), 339-343.
Bellis, M. A., Hardcastle, K., Ford, K., Hughes, K., Ashton, K., Quigg, Z., and Butler, N. 2017. Does continuous trusted adult support in childhood impart life-course resilience against adverse childhood experiences – a retrospective study on adult health-harming behaviours and mental well-being. BMC Psychiatry, 17:110. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1260-z.
Benjet, C., Borges, G., and Medina-Mora, M. E. 2010. Chronic childhood adversity and onset of psychopathology during three life stages: childhood, adolescence and adulthood. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44(11), 732-740.
Braveman, P. and Gottlieb, L. 2014. The social determinants of health: It’s time to consider the causes of the causes. Public Health Reports, 129(Suppl. 2), 19-31.
Brown, M. J., Thacker, L. R., and Cohen, S. A. 2013. Association between adverse childhood experiences and diagnosis of cancer. PLoS ONE, 8(6): e65524. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065524.
Brown, W. J., Trost, S. G., Bauman, A., Munnery, k., and Owen, N. 2004. Test-retest reliability of four physical activity measures used in population surveys. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 7(2), 205-215.
Chapman, D. P., Liu, Y., Presley-Cantrell, L. R., Edwards, V. J., Wheaton, A. G., Perry, G. S., and Croft, J. B. 2013. Adverse childhood experiences and frequent insufficient sleep in 5 U.S. states, 2009: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Public Health, 13(3), 1-9.
Chartier, M. J., Walker, J. R., and Naimark, B. 2010. Separate and cumulative effects of adverse childhood experiences in predicting adult health and health care utilization. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34, 454-464.
Chen, H. Y., Baumgardner, D. J., and Rice, J. P. 2011. Health-related quality of life among adults with multiple chronic conditions in the United States, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2007. Preventing Chronic Disease, 8(1), 1-9.
Chou, S. Y., Grossman, M., and Saffer, H. 2004. An economic analysis of adult obesity: results from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Journal of Health Economics, 23(5), 565-587.
Clark, C., Caldwell, T., Power, C., and Stansfeld, S. A. 2010. Does the influence of childhood adversity on psychopathology persist across the lifecourse? A 45-year prospective epidemiologic study. Annals of Epidemiology, 20(5), 385-394.
Clark, C., Rodgers, B., Caldwell, T., Power, C., and Stansfeld, S. 2007. Childhood and adulthood psychological ill health as predictors of midlife affective and anxiety disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(6), 668-678.
Clifford, E. L., Collins, M. M., Buckley, C. M., Fitzgerald, A. P., and Perry, I. J. 2013. Unhealthy days and quality of life in Irish patients with diabetes. PLoS ONE, 8(12): e81102. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081102.
Corso, P. S., Edwards, V. J., Fang, X., and Mercy, J. A. 2008. Health-related quality of life among adults who experienced maltreatment during childhood. American Journal of Public Health, 98(6), 1094-1100.
Danese, A., Pariante, C. M., Caspi, A., Taylor, A., and Poulton, R. 2007. Childhood maltreatment predicts adults inflammation in a life-course study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(4), 1319-1324.
Dey, M., Gmel, G., and Mohler-Kuo, M. 2013. Body mass index and health-related quality of life among young Swiss men. BMC Public Health, 13:1028. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1028.
DuMouchel, W. and Duncan, G. J. 1983. Using sample survey weights in multiple regression analysis of stratified samples. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 78, 535–543.
Evenson, K. R. and McGinn, A. P. 2005. Test-retest reliability of adults surveillance measures for physical activity and inactivity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(5), 470-478.
Fang, X., Brown, D. S., Florence, C. S., and Mercy, J. A. 2012. The economic burden of child maltreatment in the United States and implications for prevention. Child Abuse & Neglet, 36(2), 156-165.
Ford, E. S., Mokdad, A. H., Li, C., McGuire, L. C., Strine, T. W., Okiro, C. A., Brown, D. W., and Zack, M. M. 2008. Gender differences in coronary heart disease and health-related quality of life: findings from 10 states from the 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Journal of Women’s Health, 17(5), 757-768.
Gandhi, P. K., Gentry, W. M., Kibert II, J. L., Lee, E. Y., Jordan, W., Bottorff, M. B., and Huang, I. C. 2015. The relationship between four health-related quality-of-life indicators and use of mammography and Pap test screening in US women. Quality of Life Research, 24(9), 2113-2128.
Garey, L., Reitzel, L. R., Anthenien, A. M., Businelle, M. S., Neighbors, C., Zvolensky, M. J., Wetter, D. W., and Kendzor, D. 2017. Support buffers financial strain’s effect on health-related quality of life. American Journal of Health Behavior, 41(4), 497-510.
Gelles, R. J. and Perlman, S. 2012. Estimated Annual Cost of Child Abuse and Neglect. Chicago IL: Prevent Child Abuse America. http://www.preventchildabuse.org/images/research/pcaa_cost_report_2012_gelles_perlman.pdf.
Green J. G., McLaughlin K. A., Berglund P. A., Gruber M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., Kessler, R. C. 2010. Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) I: Associations with first onset of DSM-IV disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 67(2), 113-123.
Heath, G. W. and Brown, D. W. 2009. Recommended levels of physical activity and health related quality of life among overweight and obese adults in the United States, 2005. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 6(4), 403-411.
Horner-Johnson, W., Suzuki, R., Krahn, G. L., Anderson, E. M., Drum, C. E., and the RRTC Expert Panel on Health Measurement. 2010. Structure of health-related quality of life among people with and without functional limitations. Quality of Life Research, 19(7), 977-984.
Iniguez, K. C. and Stankowski, R. V. 2016. Adverse childhood experiences and health in adulthood in a rural population-based sample. Clinical Medicine & Research, 14(3-4), 126-137.
Jayasinghe, U. W., Harris, M. F., Parker, S. M., Litt, J., Driel, M. V., Mazza, D., Mar, C. D., Lloyd, J., Smith, J., Zwar, N., Taylor, R., and On behalf of the Preventive Evidence into Practice (PEP) Partnership Group. 2016. The impact of health literacy and life style risk factors on health-related quality of life of Australian patients. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 14(70), 1-13.
Jia, H. and Lubetkin, E. I. 2009. Time trends and seasonal patterns of health-related quality of life among U.S.aAdults. Public Health Report, 124(5), 692-701.
Kaplow, J. B. and Spatz Widom, C. 2007. Age of onset of child maltreatment predicts long-term mental health outcomes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(1), 176-187.
Kapp, J. M., Jackson-Thompson, J., Petroski, G. F., and Schootman, M. 2009. Reliability of health-related quality of life indicators in cancer survivors from a population-based sample, 2005, BRFSS. Public Health, 123(4), 321-325.
Mahabaleshwarkar, R., Khanna, R., West-Strum, D., and Yang, Y. 2013. Association between health-related quality of life and colorectal cancer screening. Population Health Management, 16(3), 178-189.
McLaughlin, K. A., Green, J. G., Grubers, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., and Kessler, R. C. 2010. Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication II. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(2), 124-132.
Mersky, J. P., Topitzes, J., and Reynolds, A. J. 2013. Impacts of adverse childhood experiences on health, mental health, and substance use in early adulthood: A cohort study of an urban, minority sample in the U.S. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37, 917-925.
Mesbah, M. 2004. Measurement and analysis of health related quality of life and environment data. Environmetrics, 15, 471-481.
Meyer, O. L., Castro-Schilo, L., and Aguilar-Gaxiola, S. 2014. Determinants of mental health and self-rated health: A model of socioeconomic status, neighborhood safety, and physical activity. American Journal of Public Health, 104(9), 1734-1741.
Monnat, S. M. and Chandler, R. F. 2015. Long term physical health consequences of adverse childhood experiences. The Sociological Quarterly, 56(4), 723-752.
Montgomery, A. E., Cutuli, J. J., Evans-Chase, M., Treglia, D., and Culhane, D. P. 2013. Relationship among adverse childhood experiences, history of active military service, and adult outcomes: homelessness, mental health, and physical health. American Journal of Public Health, 103(Suppl. 2), S262-S268.
Roh, S. H., Burnette, C. E., Lee, K. H., Lee Y. S., Easton, S. D., and Lawler, M. J. 2015. Risk and protective factors for depressive symptoms among American Indian older adults: adverse childhood experiences and social support. Aging & Mental Health, 19(4), 371-380.
Ruhm, C. J. 2003. Good times make you sick. Journal of Health Economics, 22(4), 637-658.
Ruhm, C. J. 2005. Healthy living in hard times. Journal of Health Economics, 24(2), 341-363.
Schalinski, I., Teicher, M. H., Nischk, D., Hinderer, E., Müller, O., and Rockstroh, B. 2016. Type and timing of adverse childhood experiences differentially affect severity of PTSD, dissociative and depressive symptoms in adult inpatients. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), 295-309.
Simms, K., Hacker, D. S., Parker, A. J., Figuereo, M. E., and Bock, S. 2013. Do past or present adverse relationship experiences have greater impact on mental and physical health? Advances in Mental Health, 11(2), 122-130.
Sloan, F. A. and Trogdon, J. G. 2004. The impact of the master settlement agreement on cigarette consumption. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 23(4), 843-855.
Son, C. H. 2016. The effect of adverse childhood experiences on self-reported physical and mental health outcomes in adulthood. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 8(3), 104-114.
Son, C. H. 2018. Health-related quality of life in consequences from frequency-quantity measures of alcohol consumption patterns. International Journal of Happiness and Development, Vol. 4(3), 236-260.
Son, C. H. and Lee, D. H. 2014. The effects of alcohol consumption patterns on cardiovascular disease: An empirical study with Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data. The Empirical Economics Letters, 13(7), 723-730.
Tchicaya, A. and Lorentz, N. 2016. Socioeconomic inequalities in health-related quality of life between men and women, 5 years after a coronary angiography. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 14:165. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12955-016-0570-z.
Truthmann, J., Mensink, G. B. M., Bosy-Westphal, A., Hapke, U., Scheidt-Nave, C., and Schienkiewitz, A. 2017. Physical health-related quality of life in eelation to metabolic health and obesity among men and women in Germany. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 15:122. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-017-0688-7.
Yadav, R., Yadav, R. K., Pandey, R. M., and Kochar, K. P. 2016. Effect of a short-term yoga-based lifestyle intervention on health-related quality of life in overweight and obese subjects. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 22(6), 443-449.
Yin, S., Njai, R., Barker, L., Siegel, P. Z., and Liao, Y. 2016. Summarizing health-related quality of life (HRQOL): development and testing of a one-factor model. Population Health Metrics, 14:22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12963-016-0091-3.
Zullig, K. J. and Hendryx, M. 2010. A comparative analysis of health-related quality of life for residents of U.S. counties with and without coal mining. Public Health Report, 125(4), 548-555.
Afifi, T. O., Enns, M. W., Cox, B. J., Asmundson, G. J. G., Stein, M. B., and Sareen, J. 2008. Population attributable fractions of psychiatric disorders and suicide ideation and attempts associated with adverse childhood experiences. Am. J. Public Health, 98(5), 946-952.
Anda, R. F. and Brown, D. W. 2010. Adverse childhood experiences & population health in Washington: the face of a chronic public health disaster (results from the 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System). Washington State Family Policy Council, A Family Community & State Partnership, July 2, 2010. http://www.wvlegislature.gov/senate1/majority/poverty/ACEsinWashington2009BRFSSFinalReport%20-%20Crittenton.pdf.
Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C., Perry, B. D., Dube, S. R., and Giles, W. H. 2006. The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(3), 174-186.
Andreson, E. M., Catlin, T. K., Wyrwich, K. W., and Jackson-Thompson, J. 2003. Retest reliability of surveillance questions on health related quality of life. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57(5), 339-343.
Bellis, M. A., Hardcastle, K., Ford, K., Hughes, K., Ashton, K., Quigg, Z., and Butler, N. 2017. Does continuous trusted adult support in childhood impart life-course resilience against adverse childhood experiences – a retrospective study on adult health-harming behaviours and mental well-being. BMC Psychiatry, 17:110. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1260-z.
Benjet, C., Borges, G., and Medina-Mora, M. E. 2010. Chronic childhood adversity and onset of psychopathology during three life stages: childhood, adolescence and adulthood. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44(11), 732-740.
Braveman, P. and Gottlieb, L. 2014. The social determinants of health: It’s time to consider the causes of the causes. Public Health Reports, 129(Suppl. 2), 19-31.
Brown, M. J., Thacker, L. R., and Cohen, S. A. 2013. Association between adverse childhood experiences and diagnosis of cancer. PLoS ONE, 8(6): e65524. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065524.
Brown, W. J., Trost, S. G., Bauman, A., Munnery, k., and Owen, N. 2004. Test-retest reliability of four physical activity measures used in population surveys. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 7(2), 205-215.
Chapman, D. P., Liu, Y., Presley-Cantrell, L. R., Edwards, V. J., Wheaton, A. G., Perry, G. S., and Croft, J. B. 2013. Adverse childhood experiences and frequent insufficient sleep in 5 U.S. states, 2009: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Public Health, 13(3), 1-9.
Chartier, M. J., Walker, J. R., and Naimark, B. 2010. Separate and cumulative effects of adverse childhood experiences in predicting adult health and health care utilization. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34, 454-464.
Chen, H. Y., Baumgardner, D. J., and Rice, J. P. 2011. Health-related quality of life among adults with multiple chronic conditions in the United States, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2007. Preventing Chronic Disease, 8(1), 1-9.
Chou, S. Y., Grossman, M., and Saffer, H. 2004. An economic analysis of adult obesity: results from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Journal of Health Economics, 23(5), 565-587.
Clark, C., Caldwell, T., Power, C., and Stansfeld, S. A. 2010. Does the influence of childhood adversity on psychopathology persist across the lifecourse? A 45-year prospective epidemiologic study. Annals of Epidemiology, 20(5), 385-394.
Clark, C., Rodgers, B., Caldwell, T., Power, C., and Stansfeld, S. 2007. Childhood and adulthood psychological ill health as predictors of midlife affective and anxiety disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(6), 668-678.
Clifford, E. L., Collins, M. M., Buckley, C. M., Fitzgerald, A. P., and Perry, I. J. 2013. Unhealthy days and quality of life in Irish patients with diabetes. PLoS ONE, 8(12): e81102. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081102.
Corso, P. S., Edwards, V. J., Fang, X., and Mercy, J. A. 2008. Health-related quality of life among adults who experienced maltreatment during childhood. American Journal of Public Health, 98(6), 1094-1100.
Danese, A., Pariante, C. M., Caspi, A., Taylor, A., and Poulton, R. 2007. Childhood maltreatment predicts adults inflammation in a life-course study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(4), 1319-1324.
Dey, M., Gmel, G., and Mohler-Kuo, M. 2013. Body mass index and health-related quality of life among young Swiss men. BMC Public Health, 13:1028. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1028.
DuMouchel, W. and Duncan, G. J. 1983. Using sample survey weights in multiple regression analysis of stratified samples. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 78, 535–543.
Evenson, K. R. and McGinn, A. P. 2005. Test-retest reliability of adults surveillance measures for physical activity and inactivity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(5), 470-478.
Fang, X., Brown, D. S., Florence, C. S., and Mercy, J. A. 2012. The economic burden of child maltreatment in the United States and implications for prevention. Child Abuse & Neglet, 36(2), 156-165.
Ford, E. S., Mokdad, A. H., Li, C., McGuire, L. C., Strine, T. W., Okiro, C. A., Brown, D. W., and Zack, M. M. 2008. Gender differences in coronary heart disease and health-related quality of life: findings from 10 states from the 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Journal of Women’s Health, 17(5), 757-768.
Gandhi, P. K., Gentry, W. M., Kibert II, J. L., Lee, E. Y., Jordan, W., Bottorff, M. B., and Huang, I. C. 2015. The relationship between four health-related quality-of-life indicators and use of mammography and Pap test screening in US women. Quality of Life Research, 24(9), 2113-2128.
Garey, L., Reitzel, L. R., Anthenien, A. M., Businelle, M. S., Neighbors, C., Zvolensky, M. J., Wetter, D. W., and Kendzor, D. 2017. Support buffers financial strain’s effect on health-related quality of life. American Journal of Health Behavior, 41(4), 497-510.
Gelles, R. J. and Perlman, S. 2012. Estimated Annual Cost of Child Abuse and Neglect. Chicago IL: Prevent Child Abuse America. http://www.preventchildabuse.org/images/research/pcaa_cost_report_2012_gelles_perlman.pdf.
Green J. G., McLaughlin K. A., Berglund P. A., Gruber M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., Kessler, R. C. 2010. Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) I: Associations with first onset of DSM-IV disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 67(2), 113-123.
Heath, G. W. and Brown, D. W. 2009. Recommended levels of physical activity and health related quality of life among overweight and obese adults in the United States, 2005. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 6(4), 403-411.
Horner-Johnson, W., Suzuki, R., Krahn, G. L., Anderson, E. M., Drum, C. E., and the RRTC Expert Panel on Health Measurement. 2010. Structure of health-related quality of life among people with and without functional limitations. Quality of Life Research, 19(7), 977-984.
Iniguez, K. C. and Stankowski, R. V. 2016. Adverse childhood experiences and health in adulthood in a rural population-based sample. Clinical Medicine & Research, 14(3-4), 126-137.
Jayasinghe, U. W., Harris, M. F., Parker, S. M., Litt, J., Driel, M. V., Mazza, D., Mar, C. D., Lloyd, J., Smith, J., Zwar, N., Taylor, R., and On behalf of the Preventive Evidence into Practice (PEP) Partnership Group. 2016. The impact of health literacy and life style risk factors on health-related quality of life of Australian patients. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 14(70), 1-13.
Jia, H. and Lubetkin, E. I. 2009. Time trends and seasonal patterns of health-related quality of life among U.S.aAdults. Public Health Report, 124(5), 692-701.
Kaplow, J. B. and Spatz Widom, C. 2007. Age of onset of child maltreatment predicts long-term mental health outcomes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(1), 176-187.
Kapp, J. M., Jackson-Thompson, J., Petroski, G. F., and Schootman, M. 2009. Reliability of health-related quality of life indicators in cancer survivors from a population-based sample, 2005, BRFSS. Public Health, 123(4), 321-325.
Mahabaleshwarkar, R., Khanna, R., West-Strum, D., and Yang, Y. 2013. Association between health-related quality of life and colorectal cancer screening. Population Health Management, 16(3), 178-189.
McLaughlin, K. A., Green, J. G., Grubers, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., and Kessler, R. C. 2010. Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication II. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(2), 124-132.
Mersky, J. P., Topitzes, J., and Reynolds, A. J. 2013. Impacts of adverse childhood experiences on health, mental health, and substance use in early adulthood: A cohort study of an urban, minority sample in the U.S. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37, 917-925.
Mesbah, M. 2004. Measurement and analysis of health related quality of life and environment data. Environmetrics, 15, 471-481.
Meyer, O. L., Castro-Schilo, L., and Aguilar-Gaxiola, S. 2014. Determinants of mental health and self-rated health: A model of socioeconomic status, neighborhood safety, and physical activity. American Journal of Public Health, 104(9), 1734-1741.
Monnat, S. M. and Chandler, R. F. 2015. Long term physical health consequences of adverse childhood experiences. The Sociological Quarterly, 56(4), 723-752.
Montgomery, A. E., Cutuli, J. J., Evans-Chase, M., Treglia, D., and Culhane, D. P. 2013. Relationship among adverse childhood experiences, history of active military service, and adult outcomes: homelessness, mental health, and physical health. American Journal of Public Health, 103(Suppl. 2), S262-S268.
Roh, S. H., Burnette, C. E., Lee, K. H., Lee Y. S., Easton, S. D., and Lawler, M. J. 2015. Risk and protective factors for depressive symptoms among American Indian older adults: adverse childhood experiences and social support. Aging & Mental Health, 19(4), 371-380.
Ruhm, C. J. 2003. Good times make you sick. Journal of Health Economics, 22(4), 637-658.
Ruhm, C. J. 2005. Healthy living in hard times. Journal of Health Economics, 24(2), 341-363.
Schalinski, I., Teicher, M. H., Nischk, D., Hinderer, E., Müller, O., and Rockstroh, B. 2016. Type and timing of adverse childhood experiences differentially affect severity of PTSD, dissociative and depressive symptoms in adult inpatients. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), 295-309.
Simms, K., Hacker, D. S., Parker, A. J., Figuereo, M. E., and Bock, S. 2013. Do past or present adverse relationship experiences have greater impact on mental and physical health? Advances in Mental Health, 11(2), 122-130.
Sloan, F. A. and Trogdon, J. G. 2004. The impact of the master settlement agreement on cigarette consumption. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 23(4), 843-855.
Son, C. H. 2016. The effect of adverse childhood experiences on self-reported physical and mental health outcomes in adulthood. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 8(3), 104-114.
Son, C. H. 2018. Health-related quality of life in consequences from frequency-quantity measures of alcohol consumption patterns. International Journal of Happiness and Development, Vol. 4(3), 236-260.
Son, C. H. and Lee, D. H. 2014. The effects of alcohol consumption patterns on cardiovascular disease: An empirical study with Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data. The Empirical Economics Letters, 13(7), 723-730.
Tchicaya, A. and Lorentz, N. 2016. Socioeconomic inequalities in health-related quality of life between men and women, 5 years after a coronary angiography. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 14:165. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12955-016-0570-z.
Truthmann, J., Mensink, G. B. M., Bosy-Westphal, A., Hapke, U., Scheidt-Nave, C., and Schienkiewitz, A. 2017. Physical health-related quality of life in eelation to metabolic health and obesity among men and women in Germany. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 15:122. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-017-0688-7.
Yadav, R., Yadav, R. K., Pandey, R. M., and Kochar, K. P. 2016. Effect of a short-term yoga-based lifestyle intervention on health-related quality of life in overweight and obese subjects. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 22(6), 443-449.
Yin, S., Njai, R., Barker, L., Siegel, P. Z., and Liao, Y. 2016. Summarizing health-related quality of life (HRQOL): development and testing of a one-factor model. Population Health Metrics, 14:22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12963-016-0091-3.
Zullig, K. J. and Hendryx, M. 2010. A comparative analysis of health-related quality of life for residents of U.S. counties with and without coal mining. Public Health Report, 125(4), 548-555.
Downloads
Published
2019-07-25
How to Cite
Son, C.-H. (2019). Life Course Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Health-Related Quality of Life. Archives of Business Research, 7(7), 320–337. https://doi.org/10.14738/abr.77.6821
Issue
Section
Articles
