Fractal Antennas : A Novel Miniaturization Technique for wireless Networks
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/tnc.25.566Keywords:
Fractal antennas, Broad-Band antennas, Ultra Wide Band Antennas, Multi-Band antennas, wireless communicationsAbstract
In the recent years and with the multiplication and miniaturization of telecommunications systems and their integration in restricted environments, such as Smart-phones, tablets, cars, airplanes, and other embedded systems. The design of compact multi-bands and Ultra Wide Band (UWB) antennas becomes a necessity. One of the interesting techniques to provide this kind of antenna is the use of fractal structures.
References
. Mandelbrot, B.B., “the Fractal Geometry of Nature”, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, 1983.
. MANDELBROT, B.B, « Les Objets Fractals ». 4e éd., Flammarion, 1995.
. Jacques Dubois, Jean Chaline, Claude Allègre, « Le Monde Des Fractales : La Géométrie Cachée De La Nature », ellipse, 2006.
. Constantine A. Balanis, “ANTENNA THEORY - ANALYSIS AND DESIGN”, A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. PUBLICATION, 2005.
. Kenneth FALCONER, “Fractal Geomerty : Matimatical Foundation and applications”, A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. PUBLICATION, 2003
. Curtis T. McMullen, “Hausdorff dimension and conformal dynamics III: Computation of dimension”, Harvard University, 1 Oxford St, Cambridge, pp 17, October, 1997.
. D. Hilbert, « Über die stetige Abbildung einer Linie auf ein Flächenstück », Math. Ann., vol. 38, p. 459-460, 1891.
. Peitgen, H.-O. and Saupe, D. (Eds.). « The Science of Fractal Images ». New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 278 and 284, 1988.
. A. Elouadih, A. Oulad-Said and M. Hassani, "Design and Simulation of a PIFA Antenna for the Use in 4G Mobile Telecommunications Networks," Int'l J. of Communications, Network and System Sciences, Vol. 6 No. 7, 2013, pp. 325-332. doi: 10.4236/ijcns.2013.67035.
. C. Varadhan, J. K. Pakkathillam, M. Kanagasabai, R. Sivasamy, R. Natarajan and S. K. Palaniswamy, “Triband Antenna Structures for RFID Systems Deploying Fractal Geometry,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 12, 2013, pp. 437-440.
. D. C. Chang, B. H. Zeng, and J. Liu, “CPW-fed circular fractal slot antenna design for dual-band applications,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 56, no. 12, pp. 3630–3637, Dec. 2008.
. Abdelati REHA, Ahmed OULAD SAID, "Tri-Band Fractal Antennas for RFID Applications," Wireless Engineering and Technology, Vol. 4 No. 4, pp. 171-176, 2013.
. Abdelati REHA, Marouane BOUCHOUIRBAT, « A Dual-Band Rectangular CPW Folded Slot Antenna for GNSS Applications » ,International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol. 3, Issue 8, pp 11055- 11061, August 2014.
. Abdelati REHA, Abdelkebir EL AMRI, Othmane BENHMAMMOUCH, Ahmed OULAD SAID, “CPW-Fed KOCH SNOWFLAKE Fractal Antenna for UWB Wireless Applications” , Transaction on Networks and Communications, Vol. 2, Issue 4, pp 38-53, August 2014.
. Guo-Ping Gao, Bin Hu, and Jin-Sheng Zhang, Design of a Miniaturization Printed Circular-Slot UWB Antenna by the Half-Cutting Method, IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 12, pp 567-570, 2013
. Takumi Sugitani, Shinichi Kubota, Akihiro Toya, Xia Xiao, and Takamaro Kikk awa, A Compact 4x4 Planar UWB Antenna Array for 3-D Breast Cancer Detection, IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 12, pp 733-736,2013.
. P. Thriuvalar Selvan, S. Raghavan, M. Gopinath, CPW-Fed Folded-UWB Monopole Slot Antenna for WiMAX and WLAN Applications, IEEE ICECCN, pp 696-699,2013.
. Xue Ni Low, Zhi Ning Chen, Terence S. P. See, A UWB Dipole Antenna With Enhanced Impedance and Gain Performance, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 57, NO. 10, pp 2959-2966, OCTOBER 2009.
. A. Shaker, S. Zainud-Deen, K. Mahmoud and S. Ibrahem, "Compact Bluetooth/UWB Antenna with Multi-Band Notched Characteristics," Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications, Vol. 3 No. 12, pp. 512-518, 2011.
. A. Hosseinzadeh, M. Mirmozafari, M. Varnoosfaderani, C. Ghobadi and J. Nourinia, "A U-Shaped UWB Antenna with Band-Notched Performance," Wireless Engineering and Technology, Vol. 4 No. 4, pp. 177-180, 2013.
. G. TATSIS, V. RAPTIS and P. KOSTARAKIS, "Design and Measurements of Ultra-Wideband Antenna," Int'l J. of Communications, Network and System Sciences, Vol. 3 No. 2, pp. 116-118, 2010.
. M. Jahanbakht and A. Neyestanak, "A Survey on Recent Approaches in the Design of Band Notching UWB Antennas," Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications, Vol. 4 No. 2, pp. 77-84, 2012
. Carles Puente Baliarda, Jordi Romeu, and Angel Cardama, « The Koch Monopole: A Small Fractal Antenna”, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 48, NO. 11, pp 1773-1781, NOVEMBER 2000.
. Steven R. Best , “On the Resonant Properties of the Koch Fractal and Other Wire Monopole Antennas”, IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 1, pp 74-76, 2002
. K. J. Vinoy, Jose K. Abraham, and Vijay K. Varadan, “On the Relationship between Fractal Dimension and the Performance of Multi-Resonant Dipole Antennas Using Koch Curves”, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 51, NO. 9, pp 2296-2303, SEPTEMBER 2003.
. K. J. Vinoy, jose k. Abraham, and v. K. Varadan, “impact of fractal dimension In the design of multi-resonant fractal antennas”, Fractals , Vol. 12, No. 1, pp 55–66, 2004.
. Ananth Sundaram, Madhurima Maddela, , and Ramesh Ramadoss, “Koch-Fractal Folded-Slot Antenna Characteristics”, IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 6, pp 219-222, 2007.
. Wen-Ling Chen, Guang-Ming Wang, and Chen-Xin Zhang, “Small-Size Microstrip Patch Antennas Combining Koch and Sierpinski Fractal-Shapes”, IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 7, pp 738-741, 2008
. Jume Anguera et Al, “Metallized Foams for Fractal-Shaped Microstrip Antennas” IEEE Antennas and Propagation MagaZine, Vol. 50, No.6, pp 20-38, December 2008.
. Deepti Das Krishna et Al, “CPW-Fed Koch Fractal Slot Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX Applications”, IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 7, pp 389-392, 2008.
. Rao Hanumantha Patnam, “Broadband CPW-Fed Planar Koch Fractal Loop Antenna”, IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 7, pp 429-431, 2008.
. D.D. Krishna et Al, "Compact wideband Koch fractal printed slot antenna", IET Microw. Antennas Propag, Vol. 3, Iss. 5, pp. 782–789, 2009
. Abbas Bin Younas, Zubair Ahmed, Mojeeb Bin Ihsan, "A New High-Directivity Fractal Antenna Based on the Modified Koch Snowflake Geometry", Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference 2010, pp 191-194, 2010
. M. A. M. Yusop, M. K. A. Rahim, M. F. Ismail, A. Wahid , "Circular Polarization Fractal Koch Microstrip Patch Antenna using Single-fed EM Coupled Ring Resonators ", IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Applied Electromagnetics (APACE 2010) , pp 1-4, 2010
. A. Ismahayati, P.J Soh, R.Hadibah, G.A.E Vandenbosch , "Design and Analysis of a Multiband Koch Fractal Monopole Antenna", IEEE International RF and Microwave Conference (RFM 2011), 12th - 14th December 2011, Seremban, Malaysia, pp 58-62, 2011
. Daotie Li, and Jun-fa Mao, "A Koch-Like Sided Fractal Bow-Tie Dipole Antenna", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 60, NO. 5, pp 2242-2251, MAY 2012.
. Dong Li, Fu-Shun Zhang , Zong-Ning Zhao, Liu-Tao Ma, and Xu-Nan Li , "UWB antenna design using patch antenna with Koch fractal boundary", IEEE International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology (ICMMT 2012) Volume 3, pp 1-3, 2012.
. Basil K Jeemon, K Shambavi, Zachariah C Alex, "A Multi-fractal Antenna for WLAN and WiMAX Application" 2013 IEEE Conference on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT 2013), pp 953-955, 2013.
. V.V. Reddy, and NVSN Sarma , "Triband Circularly Polarized Koch Fractal Boundary Microstrip Antenna", IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters Volume 13, pp 1057 - 1060, 2014.
. C. Borja, C. Puente, and A. Median, “Iterative Network Model, to predict the Behavior of a Sierpinski Fractal Network”, IEEE Electronics Letters, vol. 34, pp. 1443-1445, 1998.
. Carles Puente-Baliarda, Jordi Romeu, Rafael Pous, Angel Cardama, "On the Behavior of the Sierpinski Multiband Fractal Antenna" , IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 46, NO. 4, pp 517 - 524, April 1998.
. J.M Gonzalez et Al, Active zone self-similarity of fractal Sierpinski antenna verified using infra-red thermograms, Electrinics letters, Vol. 35 N 17, pp 1393-1394, 19th August 1999.
. Carles Puente Baliarda, Carmen Borja Borau, Mònica Navarro Rodero, and Jordi Romeu Robert, "An Iterative Model for Fractal Antennas: Application to the Sierpinski Gasket Antenna" , IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 48, NO. 5, pp 713-719, MAY 2000.
. M. Kitlinski and R. Kieda, "Compact CPW-fed Sierpinski fractal monopole antenna", ELECTRONICS LETTERS Vol. 40 No. 22, 28th October 2004.
. C. T. P. Song, Peter S. Hall, and H. Ghafouri-Shiraz, "Shorted Fractal Sierpinski Monopole Antenna", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 52, NO. 10, pp 2564-2570, OCTOBER 2004.
. Jaume Anguera et Al, "Broadband Triple-Frequency Microstrip Patch Radiator Combining a Dual-Band Modified Sierpinski Fractal and a Monoband Antenna", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 54, NO. 11, pp 3367-3373, NOVEMBER 2006.
. J. Vemagiri, M. Balachandran, M. Agarwal and K. Varahramyan, "Development of compact half-Sierpinski fractal antenna for RFID applications", LECTRONICS LETTERS Vol. 43 No. 22, 25th October 2007.
. Kuem C. Hwang, "A Modified Sierpinski Fractal Antenna for Multiband Application", IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 6, pp 357-360,2007.
. Wojciech J. Krzysztofik, “Modified Sierpinski Fractal Monopole for ISM-Bands Handset Applications”, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 57, NO. 3, pp 606-615, MARCH 2009.
. P.J. Soh, G.A.E. Vandenbosch, S.L. Ooi and M.R.N. Husna, "Wearable dual-band Sierpinski fractal PIFA using conductive fabric", ELECTRONICS LETTERS Vol. 47 No. 6, 17th March 2011
. Federico Viani, "DUAL-BAND SIERPINSKI PRE-FRACTAL ANTENNA FOR 2.4 GHz-WLAN AND 800 MHz-LTE WIRELESS DEVICES", Progress In Electromagnetic Research C, Vol. 35, pp 63-71, 2013.
. Douglas H. Werner, Randy L. Haupt, and Pingjuan L. Werner, "Fractal Antenna Engineering: The Theory and Design of Fractal Antenna Arrays", IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 41, No. 5, pp 37-59, October I999.
. Ban-Leong OOI, "A Modified Contour Integral Analysis for Sierpinski Fractal Carpet Antennas with and without Electromagnetic Band Gap Ground Plane", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 52, NO. 5, pp 1286-1293, MAY 2004.
. Rowdra Ghatak, Rabindra K. Mishra, and Dipak R. Poddar, "erturbed Sierpinski Carpet Antenna With CPW Feed for IEEE 802.11 a/b WLAN Application", IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 7, pp 742-744, 2008.
. J. Anguera et Al, "METALLIZED FOAMS FOR ANTENNA DESIGN: APPLICATION TO FRACTAL-SHAPED SIERPINSKI-CARPET MONOPOLE", Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 104, pp 239-251, 2010.
. Homayoon Oraizi and Shahram Hedayati, Miniaturized UWB Monopole Microstrip Antenna Design by the Combination of Giusepe Peano and Sierpinski Carpet Fractals, IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 10, pp 67-70, 2011.
. Balaka Biswas, D R Poddar, R. Ghatak, and Anirban Karmakar, "Modified Sierpinski Carpet Fractal Shaped Slotted UWB Monopole Antenna with Band Notch" , National Conference on Communications (NCC 2013), pp 1-5, 2013
. Y. KIM and D. L. Jaggard, “ The Fractal Random Array”, Proc. IEEE, pp. 1278-1280, 1986.
. Douglas H. Werner, Randy L. Haupt, and Pingjuan L. Werner, "Fractal Antenna Engineering: The Theory and Design of Fractal Antenna Arrays", IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 41, No. 5, pp 37-59, October I999.
. Joshua S. Petko, and Douglas H. Werner, "Miniature Reconfigurable Three-Dimensional Fractal Tree Antennas", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 52, NO. 8, pp 1945-1956, AUGUST 2004.
. Joshua S. Petko and Douglas H. Werner, "Interleaved Ultrawideband Antenna Arrays Based on Optimized Polyfractal Tree Structures", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 57, NO. 9, pp 2622-2631, SEPTEMBER 2009.
. Javad Pourahmadazar, Changiz Ghobadi, and Javad Nourinia, "Novel Modified Pythagorean Tree Fractal Monopole Antennas for UWB Applications", IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 10, pp 484-48487, 2011.
. Christophe Dumond, Mokhtar Khelloufi, and Levi Allam, "Experimental Study Of 2-D Electrochemically-Deposited Random Fractal Monopole Antennas", Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 36, pp 119-130, 2013.
. M. Naser-Moghadasi et Al, "UWB CPW-Fed Fractal Patch Antenna With Band-Notched Function Employing Folded T-Shaped Element", IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 12, pp 504-507, 2013.
. C. Varadhan, J. K. Pakkathillam, M. Kanagasabai, R. Sivasamy, R. Natarajan and S. K. Palaniswamy, “Triband Antenna Structures for RFID Systems Deploying Fractal Geometry,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 12, pp. 437-440, 2013.
. Guo Liu, Liang Xu, and Zhensen Wu, "ual-Band Microstrip RFID Antenna With Tree-Like Fractal Structure", IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 12, pp 976-978, 2013.
. Dau-Chyrh Chang, Bing-Hao Zeng, , and Ji-Chyun Liu, "CPW-Fed Circular Fractal Slot Antenna Design for Dual-Band Applications", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 56, NO. 12, pp 3630-3636, DECEMBER 2008.
. Biswajeet Mukherjee, Pragati Patel, and Jayanta Mukherjee, "Hemispherical Dielectric Resonator Antenna Based on Apollonian Gasket of Circles—A Fractal Approach", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 62, NO. 1, pp 40-47, JANUARY 2014.
. Min Ding et Al, "Design of a CPW-fed Ultra Wideband Crown Circular Fractal Antenna ", IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, pp 2049 - 2052, 2006.
. Raj Kumar, Yogesh B. Thakare, and M. Bhattacharya, "Novel Design ofStar Shaped Circular Fractal Antenna", International Conference on Recent Advances in Microwave Theory and Applications (MICROWAVE 2008), pp 239 - 241, 2008
. Raj Kumar, and K. K. Sawant, "On the Design of Circular Fractal Antenna with U-Shape Slot in CPW-Feed ", Wireless Engineering and Technology, 1, pp 81-87, 2010.
. Iman MOHAMMADSHAH, Changiz GHOBADI, and Javad NOURINIA, " A Novel Flower-Shaped Fractal Monopole Antenna with Enhancement of Bandwidth for UWB Applications", Internatıonal Journal of Natural and Engineering Sciences, pp 78-81, 2013.
. V.V.Reddy and N.V.S.N.Sarma, "Compact Circularly Polarized Asymmetrical Fractal Boundary Microstrip Antenna for Wireless Applications", IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 13, pp 118-121, 2014.
. John P. Gianvittorio and Yahya Rahmat-Samii, “Fractal Antennas: A Novel Antenna Miniaturization Technique, and Applications”, IEEE Antenna’s and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp 20-36, February 2002.
. Steven R. Best, “A Discussion on the Significance of Geometry in Determining the Resonant Behavior of Fractal and Other Non-Euclidean Wire Antennas”, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp 9-28,June 2003.
. C. Mahatthanajatuphat, S. Saleekaw, and P. Akkaraekthalin, "A RHOMBIC PATCH MONOPOLE ANTENNA WITH MODIFIED MINKOWSKI FRACTAL GEOMETRY FOR UMTS, WLAN, AND MOBILE WIMAX APPLICATION", Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 89, 57–74, 2009.
. Li-Na Chen et Al,"Minkowski fractal patch antenna for size and radar cross-section reduction", 2011 IEEE CIE International Conference on RADAR, pp 1406 - 1409, 2011.
. Moraes, L.B. , Barbin, S.E.,"A comparison between Minkowski and Koch fractal patch antennas", 2011 IEEE International Microwave & Optoelectronics Conference , pp 17-21, 2011.
. D. K. Naji, J. S. Aziz, R. S. Fyath, "Design and Simulation of Miniaturized Minkowski Fractal Aperture-Coupled Antenna for 5.8 GHz RFID Applications ", Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences, VOL. 3, NO. 7, pp 1013-1020, July 2012.
. D. K. Naji, Jaber. S. Aziz, and Raad S. Fyath, "Design and Simulation of RFID Aperture Coupled Fractal Antennas", International Journal of Engineering Business Management, pp 1-14, 2012.
. Suman Lata, and Varun Kuma, "Design and Simulation of Minkowski Fractal Patch Antenna on SOI Substrate for Next Generation Wireless Networks ", International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering , Volume 3, Issue 8, pp 92-95, August 2013.
. Sayantan Dhar, Rowdra Ghatak, Bhaskar Gupta, and D.R. Poddar,"A Wideband Minkowski Fractal Dielectric Resonator Antenna", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation (Volume:61 , Issue: 6 ), pp 2895 - 2903, 2013.
. B. H. Ahmad, H. Nornikman, M. Z. A. Abd Aziz, M. A. Othman, A. R. Othman , "Tri-band Minkowski Island Patch Antenna with Complementary Split Ring Resonator at the Ground Plane ", 13th Conference on Microwave Techniques COMITE 2013, April 17-18, Pardubice, Czech Republic, pp 46-51, 2013.
. A.Singh, M.K Singh, "Design and Simulation of Miniaturized Minkowski Fractal Antennas for microwave applications", nternational Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering Vol. 3, Issue 1, pp 5309-5311, January 2014
. Ancy P V, Satya Bhushan Sukla, A K Prakash, K K Mukundan, "Multiband Fractal Antenna for wireless communication", International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp 5753-5758, February 2014.
. J. M. Gonzalez-Arbesu,S. Blanch, and J. Romeu, "THE HILBERT CURVE AS A SMALL SELF-RESONANT MONOPOLE FROM A PRACTICAL POINT OF VIEW", MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 39, No. 1, pp 45- 49, October 5 2003.
. Noor Asniza Murad et Al, "Hilbert Curve Fractal Antenna for RFID Application", 2006 INTERNATIONAL RF AND MICROWAVE CONFERENCE, SEPTEMBER 12 - 14, 2006, PUTRAJAYA, MALAYSIA, pp 182-186, 2006.
. I.Sanz et Al, "The Hilbert Monopole Revisited", the Fourth European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), pp 1-4, 2010.
. Jung-Tang Huang, Jia-Hung Shiao, and Jain-Ming Wu, "A Miniaturized Hilbert Inverted-F Antenna for Wireless Sensor Network Applications", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, (Volume:58 , Issue: 9 ), pp 3100 - 3103, 2010.
. S. Suganthi, "Study of Compact Hilbert Curve Fractal Antennas for Implantable Medical Applications", International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Volume 2, Issue 10, pp 116-125, October 2012.
. Y. S. Li, X. D. Yang, C. Y. Liu, and T. Jiang, "ANALYSIS AND INVESTIGATION OF A CANTOR SET FRACTAL UWB ANTENNA WITH A NOTCH-BAND CHARACTERISTIC", Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 33, pp 99-114, 2011.
. Gopalakrishnan Srivatsun, Sundaresan Subha Rani, Gangadaran Saisundara Krishnan, "A Self-Similar Fractal Cantor Antenna for MICS Band Wireless Applications", Wireless Engineering and Technology, Volume 2, pp 107-111, 2011.
. Gopalakrishnan Srivatsun and Sundaresan Subha Rani, "Compact Multiband Planar Fractal Cantor Antenna for Wireless Applications: An Approach", International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, pp 1-6, 2012.